In 2016, Merck and Bristol-Myers Squibb's cancer immunotherapy drugs Keytruda and Opdivo had global sales of US$1.4 billion and US$3.8 billion respectively, and with the further expansion of indications and the publication of more in-depth test data on immunotherapy. It will surely attract more doctors and patients to choose this way to fight against tumor cells by stimulating the body's own immune system.
The success of these two therapeutic drugs has brought a lot of attention to the programmed death factor ligand 1 (PD-L1), but in actual drug treatment, these immune checkpoint inhibitors are only in some cancer patients. It has a prolonged effect of disease remission and survival, while for others, these drugs have almost no therapeutic effect. Studies have confirmed that although the relationship between the expression level of PD-L1 and disease response has not been clarified in detail, cancer patients with high PD-L1 expression do have higher disease remission. Therefore, in clinical practice, detection of PD-L1 can screen out potential drug treatment responders.
The expression level of the biomarker PD-L1 can predict the therapeutic effect. Similarly, in the biopharmaceutical industry, the role of biomarkers will become wider and wider, and it can be applied not only to the treatment of cancer, but also in other fields.
The following are the five major medical areas under the influence of biomarkers:
1. Precision medicine
Accurate medical treatment, which is targeted for individualized treatment through the acquisition of patients' special genetic properties, personal physique and lifestyle, is a long-term therapeutic goal of the medical community. However, for a long time, this goal has been a dream that is difficult to accomplish. With the development of human gene sequencing technology, the dream of precision medicine has become a reality, and the burden of treatment for patients has been greatly reduced.
Whether the patient is suffering from cancer or a rare disease, or a neurodegenerative disease like chronic traumatic encephalopathy, the relevant biomarkers can help clinicians and doctors better diagnose the corresponding patients. Not only is the diagnosis method simpler, but the target patients matched with the specific therapy can be screened by diagnosis, thereby achieving better clinical efficacy and prognosis, and has a greater therapeutic advantage than the traditional one-size-fits-all treatment.
2. Combination therapy
Immunotherapy is the hottest area of ​​research in the medical industry in the past three years. For all types of cancer patients, better treatment can be achieved through immunotherapy, and the medical community is very aware of this. Currently, hundreds of clinical trials of combined therapies are in full swing around the world, but finding matching patients before the trial delays the progression of these clinical trials.
The identification of biomarkers associated with specific tumor types is more representative of the value of combination therapy, which can be grouped into different treatment groups depending on the type of biomarker of the patient, and the clinician is thus aware of the basis of the patient's biomarkers. In addition, the administration of the combination therapy can be more targeted.
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