Cultivation of wax gourd
Melon cultivation methods can be divided into three kinds of melon, shed melon and melon.
1, to melon
The plants grow on the ground, and the spacing is relatively thin. Generally, about 300 plants are planted per acre. The management is relatively extensive. The vines are basically allowed to grow or the results are taken before the side vines are removed. The results grow arbitrarily. Its advantages are less labor and lower cost. The disadvantage is that the melon type is not good, often melons; otherwise the deformed fruit rate is high; the peel is easily damaged by the external environment and affects the storability; the use of light energy is low, the result size is uneven, and the yield per unit area is low. This method is only applicable to the species of gray-skin gourd sold on the island, but for the northern shipping or export varieties with higher commercial requirements: for example, “Green Peelâ€, “Black Peel†and “Qingza 1†are not applicable. .
2. Shed gourd
After the plants were pumped, bamboo scaffolds were used to cover the vines. There were high sheds and low sheds. High sheds are generally 150-200 cm tall, low sheds are generally 60-80 cm tall, and sheds are 250-300 cm wide. The sea squash farmer generally uses a dwarf shed. Before planting on the shed, the side vines were removed and the vines on the upper shed grew arbitrarily. The shed melon has a better fruit set than the winter melon. The fruit size is relatively even and the yield per unit area is generally higher than that of the melon. However, the flat area is still basically used, which is unfavorable for dense planting. Generally, it can only be interplanted before the shed of the vine and can not be fully utilized. Space, and many scaffolding materials, high cost. In recent years, in order to save materials, save costs, and save labor, we have begun to promote an improved type of net shelving: that is, first using wooden stakes, iron wires to build a basic scaffold, and then weaving Fluoro screens. Nylon mesh can be used for at least three constructions.
3, frame melon
There are many forms of stents. There is a "one-stop": that is, a piece of each plant, in the height of 130-150 cm, with bamboo sticks fixed in place; there is a "personal frame"; there is "one-star gantry longan" and "four-star gantry longan": That is, three or four bamboo poles are used to form a drum frame. Each drum frame is fixed with a horizontal bamboo, and one drum frame is provided. Although the form of melon melons is varied, all of them are combined with plant adjustments to better utilize the space, increase the fruit setting rate and make the fruit size uniform, which is conducive to improving the yield and quality; it is also conducive to intercropping and increasing the frequency of multiple cropping; Shed gourd saves racks and reduces costs. Under current conditions, the winter melon is a more reasonable and scientific method among the three cultivation methods.
Cultivation season, seedling cultivation and planting density
1, the cultivation season
The melons are warm and heat-resistant. In order to obtain high yields, the melons and fruits should be selected for suitable climatic conditions for planting. Climate conditions have the greatest impact on the fruit set rate of wax gourd, so special attention must be paid to seasonal arrangements. Clear weather, high temperatures, high humidity and other conditions are conducive to fruit set; air-drying, low temperatures and cloudy days, less insect activity, is not conducive to pollination; and reduce the stigma's ability to receive powder, and thus set a bad fruit. According to the characteristics of melon's demand for temperature and light conditions, the cities of Lingshui, Sanya and Ledong in the south of Hainan have more than 20°C temperatures in winter and spring and are sunny enough to sow all winter and spring seasons, and they can flower normally. In the north of Wenchang, Chengmai, Qiongshan, Ding'an, and Linfen, in the winter and spring seasons, especially in early January to late February, there are often low-temperature and rainy weather conditions below 15°C, and therefore, sowing Special care must be taken to avoid planting melons to bloom during this time. In addition to considering climatic factors, the melon sowing should also consider market considerations. Because of the melons cultivated in Hainan, especially the wax gourd cultivated in winter and spring, most of its products are sold to overseas markets and Hong Kong and Macao markets. Therefore, in the cultivation season, we must pay attention to avoiding the inland provinces, especially the winter melon production season in Guangdong, Guangxi and other provinces. Only in this way can the cultivated wax gourd achieve high yield and high efficiency. Under normal circumstances, the winter melon cultivated in Hainan will be sold at the market from the end of December to the beginning of May, and the selling price will be higher, and vice versa. Accordingly, the southern part of Hainan is suitable for planting winter wax gourd in mid-September to early January. The rest of the area is best planted from mid-September to early-October and early-December to early-January. If the seeds are planted from mid-October to late November, the fruits will be very difficult to bear fruit under the influence of low-temperature and rainy weather in January and February. Even if they can stand fruit, the fruits will grow slowly, stunted, and deformed. The rate is higher.
2, sowing nursery
Cultivation of wax gourd in winter and spring in Hainan, due to the influence of low temperature, it is advisable to adopt nutritional seedlings. The required nutrient soil should be prepared in advance, and it can be selected from the fertile garden soil broiled through the sieve, the cooked pig, the cow dung slag, the hull ash or the coconut husk, etc. The volumetric ratio of the three is about 6:2:2, and a small amount of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium compound fertilizer can also be added. The adding amount is generally controlled to 0.2%-0.3%, and the mixture is required to be mixed to prevent injury. . Melon seed germination is usually performed by immersing in warm water of 50-55°C for 10-15 minutes (stirring with stirring), and then immersing for 10-12 hours at room temperature. Preferably, germination is performed at about 30°C. Soaking time is longer, germination is faster and more neat, one and a half to two days, most of the germination; soaking time is shorter, the germination potential is poor. Seeds with smooth seed coat (eg, melon seed) have poor permeability, and they are susceptible to hypoxia and rotten seed germination. The germination rate is low. Therefore, for the germination of such seeds, the seed coat must be first scrubbed with fine sand, the adherents removed, and germinated at a constant temperature of 28-30°C. Before germination, the seeds were rinsed once a day with water in the morning and evening, and the water was drained off in time and the germination continued. If there is no constant temperature equipment, it is safer to use live seedlings or nursery beds after soaking in Sichuan. According to the author's experiment, soaking seeds with 100-150ppm gibberellin can make germination fast and neat. One day before sowing, the medium-sized nutrient soil in Suizhong should be soaked. The depth of sowing should be 2-3 cm. Each of the seeds should be sown with 1-2 seeds for germination. The seeds should be laid flat or the buds should be pointed upwards. After the broadcast, shade nets or straws should be covered. Cover; in case of cold or rainy weather, it is appropriate to cover with plastic film. After sowing until emergence, pay attention to watering, but do not take too much water to prevent rot rot. Just keep the soil moist. About 70% of the emergence, it is timely to remove the cover. Appropriately control the moisture before the seedlings break and promote the growth of the roots; after the breakage, the nutrient soil is often kept in a semi-dry state, so that the melon seedlings grow steadily. About 25-30 days can be transplanted into Daejeon, 2-3 days before planting, 10% diluted human fecal water and 80% of dexamethasone 800 times or 75% chlorothalonil 600 times liquid leaching can be used to achieve fertilizer With medicine transplant.
3, planting density
The density of melons varies depending on the variety, cultivation method, and cultivation season. The yield per unit area of ​​small melons is composed of the number of plants per acre, the number of results per plant, and the weight of individual fruit. Proper close planting can increase yield. The large-scale melon cultivar has one fruit per plant. Its yield per unit area is composed of two factors: the number of plants per acre and the weight of a single fruit. Therefore, it should be ensured that the single fruit weight is properly planted on the basis of weight. Ground melon plants vine leaves grow on the ground, not easy to adjust plants, not close planting; shed melon is basically a plane growth, but also conducive to close planting; frame melon can use space growth, combined with plant adjustment and lead vine is conducive to close planting. At present, most of the melon cultivars cultivated in Hainan are large-scale varieties. Generally, the width of a common melon cultivar is about 350 cm (even ditch), and two rows of plants are planted. The plant spacing is 70-80 cm, and about 500 mu are planted; Plant spacing is 150 (70-80) centimeters, 600 acres can be planted; ground melon is generally about 400-500 centimeters wide (even ditch), double line planting, plant spacing of about 80-100 cm, 300 acres of planting. The density of wax gourd is also related to the level of fertilizer and water management. With adequate fertilizers, convenient drainage and irrigation, and high management levels, it is important to focus on growing fruits to strive for high yields and high quality, not to be too dense. On the basis of the removal of all side vines, the main vine topping can be denser than not topping.
Choose land preparation, apply base fertilizer
The melon's root system is very developed and has a long growing period. In order to obtain higher yields, it is necessary to choose a deep sandy soil with organic matter rich in pH 6-6.5 from sandy loam to clay loam; at the same time, in order to avoid winter melon seedlings To the cold wave and early spring drought, late summer rain, in order to choose the north to the south, convenient irrigation and drainage of the field is appropriate; fall winter melon often affected by typhoon and rain, the choice of irrigation and drainage should be convenient slope dry land is appropriate.
After the melon field is selected, deep plowing should be done as soon as possible, and the depth should be about 30 cm. The melons cultivated in winter and spring are suitable for late rice fields with convenient irrigation and irrigation. After the late rice is harvested, the plow field should be sun-dried as soon as possible. After the preparation of the site, the planting rules should be planned to prepare the buckwheat noodles; then, the ridges should be ridged again, the ridge width should be 80-100 cm, the ridge height should be about 30 cm, and both sides of the ridge should be left for a long time. There is a shallow ditch to prepare for cultivating and growing ridges. The planting hole along the ridge is determined according to the spacing of the plant, the depth of the hole is about 30 cm, and the width of the hole is about 40 cm. The melon has a long growing period and strong root absorption. Therefore, the base fertilizer should be applied. Basal fertilizers are generally dominated by high-quality farmyard fertilizers, with 2000 kg per mu, 30-50 kg of bean cake, and 40-50 kg of superphosphate. After the stacking, they are mixed with furrows or holes and fully mixed with the soil before sowing or sowing. Colonization. For loamy soil or clay soil, if there are conditions, 30-40 kg of ternary compound fertilizer and 15-20 kg of urea can be used per acre for full-scale mixed application to meet the balanced supply of nutrients. For heavy sandy soil, it should be reduced to prevent fertilizer damage.
Plastic film cover
To ensure high-yielding and stable production of gourd-covered cultivation, it can create superior environmental conditions such as temperature, light, water, fertilizer, and soil, promote the growth and development of wax gourd roots and plants, and alleviate some diseases and colds. , drought, heavy rain, etc. Thus, a significant increase in production can be achieved. Tests have shown that winter and spring mulching cultivation of winter melon in Hainan is generally 30%-50% higher than that of open field cultivation. In severe weather conditions, it sometimes increases production by more than 1 time.
Membrane cover cultivation melon, the way it is generally only covered on the ridge of the melon can be covered. The width of the film is 80-120 cm. The colors are white, black and silver grey. The white membrane has a good warming effect, but the weeds are easy to grow. Before spraying, a pre-emergent herbicide must be sprayed. For example, butachlor or acetochlor etc., the dosage per mu is 75-100 ml, and the water is about 30. Kilograms were sprayed on the soil surface and then covered; the black film was slightly less warm, but it prevented the occurrence of weeds; the silver-gray film was able to repel aphids and reduce the occurrence and spread of viral diseases. Before coating, it is important to pay attention to leveling the ground, apply enough base fertilizer, and keep the soil moist. When laminating, be sure to flatten the film and press the membrane border guard. After coating the melons, pay attention to the rooting water and cover the openings with fine soil. After that, be careful not to make the humidity inside the membrane too large, so as not to cause rooting. As long as the soil is moist when the film is covered, it is generally not necessary to water the soil within about 20 days after transplanting. After the lack of rice, the method of furrow irrigation should be adopted, and only half ditch water can be used for irrigation.
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