Supporting cultivation techniques of Hongdan crisp jujube

1 colonization

The seedling planting period is from fallen leaves to before freezing and thawing to germination. When planting, a digging hole of 0.8 meters by 0.8 meters is dug. When backfilling, 20 to 25 kg of rotten soil fertilizer and 0.5 kg of compound fertilizer for fruit trees are applied per plant After completion of backfilling, it must be watered down and covered with plastic film.

2 fixed

The fixed stem height is 70-80 cm. If the fixed stem is too low, the main branch will easily sag and drag to the ground after fruiting, which will cause difficulties in management under the tree and reduce the quality of the date fruit. Enter the stage of fruiting; if the quality of the seedlings is not good, leave 2 shoots short. After germination, select a vigorous jujube head to re-cultivate the stem. Wait until the seedlings are more than 80 cm high topping.

3 plastic trim

Hongdan crisp jujube has medium branching force and small tree body. Free spindle or cylindrical shape should be used in production. The free-spindle-shaped plant row spacing is (2 to 3) meters × (3 to 4) meters, and the cylindrical plant row spacing is (1 to 2) meters × (2 to 3) meters. The free-spindle tree is 2.5 to 3.0 meters high and 60 to 80 centimeters dry. There are 8 to 10 main branches in the whole tree. The thickness of the main branches does not exceed 1/3 of the center trunk. The spirals are arranged on the center trunk. * Lower * The main branches * choose the southeast or southwest direction, the distance between two adjacent main branches is 20-30 cm, the distance between two main branches in the same direction is not less than 100 cm, no longer equipped with side branches, and bear fruit directly on the main branches In the group, the lower main branch opens at 80 ° ～ 90 °, and the upper main branch opens at 70 ° ～ 80 °. The cylindrical tree is about 2 meters high. The whole tree has 10 to 12 branch groups that are directly planted on the main branch. The lower branches are stronger and weaker. They are evenly distributed on the central trunk. Two secondary branches, topping when the secondary branches grow to more than 6 knots, the next year, 6 to 8 secondary branches topping to grow the new jujube head, and toppings when the secondary branches are more than 6 knots. When shaping, keep the center trunk upright and growth advantages. Pay attention to controlling the growth of jujube heads. If necessary, you can appropriately shorten or topping to prevent emptying of the inner chamber. The jujube fruiting branch group has 3 to 8 years of fruiting ability and strong. Pay attention to update .

4 soil, fertilizer and water management

4.1 Basal fertilizer

Every autumn, 3 to 4 holes are dug for each jujube tree after fruit picking and before deciduous leaves, and 10 to 15 kg of organic fertilizer or 3 to 4 kg of biological bacterial fertilizer and 0.3 kg of nitrogen fertilizer are applied.

4.2 Topdressing

Divide 3 to 4 times before flowering, young fruit, and fruit expansion. Dig 4 to 6 holes for topdressing compound fertilizer for each fruit tree, about 0.25 kg each time, in order to promote more flowering and better flowering of jujube trees. Promote fruit swelling.

4.3 Water management

Each fertilization must be combined with watering, which is conducive to the transformation and absorption of fertilizers and the expansion of fruits. Watering is appropriate in the growing season according to the weather and drought.

4.4 Soil management

Because jujube trees are mostly planted in mountains, the soil layer is barren. Combined with fertilization, deep soil expansion and hole expansion are required every year to increase soil layer thickness. During the growing season, the soil is covered with natural grass or biological cover. Grass or biological cover can adjust the temperature and humidity of the orchard, improve the soil aggregate structure, increase soil organic matter content, prevent soil erosion, and reduce jujube cracking. However, it should be noted that when weeds are removed, weeds such as yarrow and gray vegetables should be removed in time, benign weeds such as horse tang and dog tail should be kept, and nitrogen fertilizer should be supplemented appropriately (add 2.5 to 5 kg per mu). When it is centimeters, it is castrated in time, and the stubble height is 15-20 cm.

5Flower promotion measures and flower and fruit management

5.1 Pull Branches

Generally, it is carried out from May to July, so that the branches are evenly distributed, the ventilation in the crown is good, the tree vigor is eased, and flower formation and fruit formation are promoted.

5.2 Wiping buds

From late April to early July, freshly germinated jujube buds that have no use value should be removed from the base as soon as possible, and the jujube hanging at the base should be retained to save nutrients and be conducive to tree growth and fruit setting.

5.3 Topping

Topping is an effective measure to control vegetative growth and save nutrients. Topping can reduce blossoms and fruits, and significantly increase fruit set rate. From bud sprouting to mid-July, topping of new jujube heads, secondary branches, and jujube cranes are carried out to suppress the excessive growth of jujube heads.

5.4 Open Armor

The opening of the jujube tree is also called ring peeling. The purpose is to prevent the organic matter produced by the ground part from being transported to the root, which can improve the fruit setting rate of the jujube tree. Opening nails should be carried out on trees that are more than 5 years old. * The time is the flowering period in early June. The ring peeling site is selected on the trunk 30 cm from the ground. The width of the ring strip should not exceed 1/10 of the thickness of the trunk, and the xylem should not be damaged deeply. The ring strip should be sunny and windless. After the nail is opened for 1 week, the stripping strips should be applied once with 150 times solution of chlorfenuron 3. Peeling insects promote healing of the peels 20-30 days after peeling.

5.5 Water spray during flowering

The flowering period of the jujube tree is more dry, and the relative humidity of the air is low, which is not good for pollen germination, which affects the fertilization and fruit setting. Therefore, when the flowering period is in dry weather, spray the water evenly on the tree crown with a sprayer, which can increase the fruit setting rate by more than 1 time. It is advisable to spray water after 5:00 pm. At this time, spraying water can stagger the time of jujube flower loosening, and keep it moist for a long time, which is conducive to pollen germination. Usually spray for 2 days, once a day.

5.6 Flowering

The jujube orchard will be released to increase the cross pollination rate, so the fruit setting rate can be improved. Most varieties of jujube trees can be self-pollinated and bear fruit. However, cross-pollination can significantly increase the fruit setting rate. The bee planting in the flowering period of the jujube garden can fully pollinate the jujube flowers, and the fruit setting rate can be increased by more than 68%. And the closer the date tree is to the beehive, the better the effect.

5.7 Foliar spraying fertilizer

Foliar spraying with 0.3% (mass fraction, the same below) potassium dihydrogen phosphate solution, amino acids, 0.1% boric acid, etc. during flowering and young fruit periods, not only can reduce the occurrence of falling flowers and fruits, but also improve fruit setting. Rate, increase the quality of single fruit, and improve the quality of the fruit.

5.8 Spraying plant growth regulators and trace elements

Spraying plant growth regulators and trace elements can improve fruit set rate. At present, commonly used plant growth regulators include gibberellin, 2,4-D, sodium naphthalene acetate, and the like, among which gibberellin is widely used. Gibberellin can promote the pollen germination of jujube, and also stimulate the fruit setting of unpollinated jujube. Spraying 10-15 mg / kg gibberellin once during the flowering period can increase the fruit setting rate by more than 70%. Trace elements boron, zinc, iron, etc. also have a certain promotion effect on fruit set rate and yield. Spraying boric acid or borax of 0.2% to 0.3% during flowering period has the effect of improving the fruit setting rate. This is because trace boron can significantly increase the pollen germination rate.

6 Pest control

The main diseases and insect pests of Hongdan crisp jujube are jujube fruit shrinkage, black rot, jujube rust, jujube mad disease, green blind magpie, jujube step curl, jujube slime, turtle wax owl, red spider, peach heartworm, leafhopper, etc. .

The prevention and control of jujube diseases and insect pests should be based on prevention, strengthen monitoring and reporting, and pay attention to comprehensive control of agricultural physics and chemistry. Agricultural physical control: scraping bark in the dormant period, cleaning the dead leaves and burying them deep, turning over the tree tray (10 cm), and overwintering pests in the frozen dead soil; in the middle and early April, the base of the trunk was bound with a 10 cm wide plastic cloth and coated with waste The motor oil prevents the female moth of Jujube stepping on the tree; traps and kills juvenile slime adults with a black light lamp; a peach attractant is hung in mid-June; the base of the trunk is tied with grass to attract pests in early September; Chemical control: Insect pests such as green blind magpies, jujube step curls, jujube slime insects, turtle wax magpies, red spiders, peach worms, leafhoppers and other insect pests can be applied on the ground with 3% phoxim granules and crickets (Peach Small); 10% 3,000 times solution of imidacloprid, 4,000 times solution of 1.8% avermectin, 4,000 times solution of spirotetramat, 1500 times solution of 5% oxamethoxam, 2000 times of 25% thiamethoxam Liquid, chrysanthemum drugs and other mixed alternate prevention and control; jujube fruit shrink, black rot, jujube rust and other diseases can choose 72% agricultural streptomycin 3000 times solution and 10% anisole metronidazole 1500 times solution, 43% pentan Fungicides such as azole alcohol 3000 times solution and 5% pyrazoxystrobin 1000 times solution are alternately controlled. The pathogen of jujube blight is a mycoplasma-like body, which is mainly transmitted by grafting, branching and orange-banded leafhoppers, Chinese leafhoppers, red flash leafhoppers, and sunburst leafhoppers. After the infection, the existing treatment effects are not ideal, and prevention is the main measure. The main measures include the cultivation of disease-free seedlings, planting gardens away from Platycladus orientalis (Thuja orientalis is the place where diamond leafhopper mainly breeds in winter), and timely eradication of diseased branches.

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