Conservation tillage is a modern sustainable agricultural farming technique that implements no-tillage and less-tillage on farmland, reduces soil tillage as much as possible, and uses it as a surface covering material straw to reduce soil wind erosion and water erosion and improve soil fertility and drought resistance.
In our area, there is a lack of drought, severe wind and sand, and poor soil. Therefore, the goal of no-tillage is to prevent wind and soil, increase soil moisture, and increase soil fertility. The main modes are: “Less No Tillageâ€â€”After the spring wheat or corn is harvested, no-tillage is adopted, no plowing is performed, and the soil is loosened; “coverageâ€â€”wheat or post-harvest plots of land after harvest, the surface covers straw, and the farmland is covered for winter After the wheat or corn is harvested, inoculate the plots of the small autumn crops, implement no-tillage after the autumn harvest, keep the small autumn crops sorghum and straw mulch overwinter; “no-tillage sowing†- use the special no-tillage planter in spring sowing in the coming year. In the covered depression, direct fertilization, sowing and suppression of joint operations.
First, the application area
Due to the fact that the soil in some areas of our district is a sticky soil and the soil moisture is slightly lower, it is difficult for the no-tillage cultivator to successfully plant the ditch. Therefore, suitable soil for no-tillage should be sandy soil, loam soil, semi-viscous soil, etc.
Second, the key technologies
1. Key elements: No-tillage requires that the surface cover reaches three “threeâ€, ie, 30% straw or 1/3 straw sorghum and 30% straw coverage.
1 straw covering technology
Straw cover is divided into: straw smashing to cover the field, the whole stalk to cover the field, leaving three types of cover.
The type of straw covering technology is one of the important factors for the success of no-tillage. At present, most of the crop stalks in our area are mainly used as feed for livestock in winter. Therefore, the most suitable way to cover is to keep sorghum covered: When crops are harvested, sorghum 20cm or more can be kept and the coverage can reach 25 to 30%.
2 suitable no-tillage planter
No-till implements include no-till seeders, deep loosening machines, and loosening machines. Others can use conventional machinery such as straw mills, disc harrows, and sprayers. Take the no-tillage fertilization planter as an example: Since there is straw on the ground and roots on the ground, in addition to conventional trenching, sub-planting, under-fertilization, earth-covering and repression, the soil is not finely divided and the ground is uneven. It is also required that the no-tillage planter has the four functions of clearing the grass, breaking the soil, splitting the seed fertilizer, and copying the ground through the features of good performance, seed fertilizer application, soil disturbance, and small work resistance.
Only the wheat no-tillage planter The Ministry of Agriculture has recommended 10 models from 9 manufacturers. After many years of practice, the Agricultural Research Institute of the Academy of Agricultural Sciences determined that the 2BMF-6C series no-tillage fertilizer sowing machine produced by Hebei Nhahaha Machinery Co., Ltd. is more suitable for the actual situation in our district and has the characteristics of easy maintenance, low cost, and easy operation.
With the selection of power machinery, due to the high elevation of Tibet, various power machinery can only reach 70% of the rated power without the support of a booster system. A power plant equipped with a 2BMF-6C series no-till fertilizer sowing machine requires at least 25 horsepower for a four-wheel tractor, such as Dongfanghong-250.
3 suitable herbicides
Since no-tillage has lost its effect of plowing and weeding, field weeds are more common than traditional farming methods. In addition to mechanical or artificial grasses, the main measure is the use of chemicals. In addition, there are straw cover on the surface, and herbicides are not easy to directly spray on the weeds, affecting the effect of killing grass. Therefore, no-tillage has higher requirements for farmers to master chemical weeding skills. It is mainly to select appropriate herbicides, concentration control, pest and disease control, technical requirements for application of pesticides, and selection of plant protection equipment.
4 deep loose
No-tillage has eliminated ploughing, but machines and human and animal operations continue to compact the soil. Therefore, in order to promote the development of crop roots, special deep-separation machinery is required to loosen the soil for a certain period of time. According to the situation, it is loose once every 2 to 3 years, and the depth is about 30cm. For the newly implemented land for conservation tillage, there may be the presence of a plough bottom. A deep slashing should be performed first to break the hard bottom.
2, no tillage sowing
Before the planting, there are too many stalks and piles on the surface. When there are weeds or surface unevenness, we need to carry out topsoil operations, such as straw smashing, smashing and shallow loosening, to level the land, eliminate weeds, and evenly cover the stalks. The no-tillage planter completes the operations such as breaking and hoeing, digging, fertilizing, sowing, earthing, and repressing. The amount of fertilizer, seeding rate, sowing density and sowing depth should be determined according to different crop types, soil texture, etc.
Select good varieties before sowing, and select seeds for treatment. The purity of seeds is not less than 98%, the purity is not less than 97%, and the germination rate is more than 95%. Before sowing, all seeds should be seed dressing or soaking. The sowing amount of winter wheat is generally 12 to 15 kg/mu; the holly seedling is 14 kg/mu; the spring sowing crop is generally 10 to 14 kg/mu.
3, field management of free farmland
The field management of no-cultivation land is the same as conventional production techniques. The monitoring and control of pests and diseases in fields should be strengthened.
Third, no-tillage technical measures of different ecological types
1, dry and cool one year two ripe areas
It is characterized by severe drought and soil erosion (wind erosion). The cropping system is dominated by wheat oil crops (in some areas inoculated with round autumn, small rape, and other small autumn crops). Technical measures are focused on covering and no-tillage sowing, after harvesting of wheat or rape, no-tillage is adopted, no plowing is carried out, deep-sown (when autumn crops are planted in the field;); autumn sowing plots are subjected to stubble-free tillage; wheat or rape After the harvest, the land is covered with stalks after the autumn harvest to cover the farmland for overwintering. In the second year, a dedicated no-tillage planter is used to fertilize, sow, and suppress the joint operations directly.
2, semi-agricultural and pastoral areas
In winter, the temperature is low, the spring drought is windy, the land is thin, and wind erosion is serious. Planting crops is mainly a cool and cool crop. Technical measures are focused on no-tillage, stubble cover, and no-tillage sowing. For the degraded lands and pastures in the region, the soil can be changed to deep soil, no-tillage sowing, and increased vegetation coverage.
I. Application Area II. Key technology Straw cover technology Suitable no-tillage planter Suitable for herbicide deep-sown, no-tillage sowing, no-agricultural field management, semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral area
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