1The effect of vitamins on hatching rate
1.1 Vitamin A
When the bird is deficient in vitamin A, the egg will die after it has not developed into a normal blood circulation system 2-3 days after hatching. Later, some embryonic skeletal dysplasia, some no eye cracks, lung hypoplasia, extremely enlarged kidney, miliary calcium phosphate and urate crystal deposition in the mesentery, thoracic membrane, pericardium, renal tubular necrosis and petrification Finally, the hatching rate is extremely low. Neomycin can reduce the absorption of vitamin A in the intestine, and chlorinated hydrocarbons significantly affect the metabolism of vitamin A.
1.2 Vitamin D
Chickens deficient in vitamin D, embryonic malformations, bone dysplasia, short limbs. Death occurred 3-7 days after hatching, and died more than 18-19 days after hatching. The undead are blamed for their softness, and the broken shells are unable to break the shell and return to death. The maternal diet is insufficient in vitamin D, which is prone to embryonic mucous edema disease. The embryonic skin has extremely obvious serous large vesicular edema, and the subcutaneous connective tissue is chronically proliferated. Due to edema, embryo growth and development are blocked, obvious limbs are short, and liver fat is infiltrated. Such malnutrition can occur in all poultry embryos. This disease is easy to occur in caged birds.
1.3 Vitamin E
Embryonic deficiencies are only visible when poultry feeding conditions are extremely poor. The embryonic mortality rate is highest when vitamin E deficiency is present in the egg. Egg yolk mesoderm enlargement, leading to bleeding in the placental blood circulation disorder, manifested as exudative quality, edema and bleeding in the back of the brain. The embryo mortality rate was the highest at 84-94h after hatching. The embryo has single or double eyes, crystal opacity, and spots on the cornea. A cataract can occur in both eyes of a turkey embryo. This disease is related to the deficiency of trace element selenium. Mycotoxins in feed also affect the absorption of vitamin E.
1.4 thiamine
Slight deficiencies have little effect on the average laying hens and can still lay eggs as usual. However, the eggs produced by the sows have a great influence on the hatching process, not only the dead embryos, but also the embryos that have been clam-shelled during the hatching period. Some extended hatching periods still cannot be broken. The shells are also weak chicks or convulsions, and the horns are in the form of typical thiamine deficiency symptoms. In the long-term use of sulfonamides in a variety of poultry, it is necessary to consider the simultaneous supplementation of thiamine to ensure the safety of the flock and to effectively prevent embryo diseases. Some coccidiostats can inhibit the absorption of thiamine.
1.5 riboflavin
In the absence of the resulting embryo disease, there are three high death periods on days 2, 14 and 20 after the eggs begin to hatch. Embryonic dysplasia, growth retardation, its 18-19th embryo is similar to the normal 14-15 day embryo, but the embryo body is atrophy, the embryo is mostly pygmy, short body, high edema, hepatomegaly, high fat, anemia , kidney degeneration, mild short limbs, joint deformation, neck bending and other symptoms. During the growth process, the down feathers develop mechanical barriers in the hair follicles, forming a "match head fluff" characterized by a roll of feathers, mostly around the neck, lower abdomen and anus.
1.6 pantothenic acid
The lack of embryos is similar to the symptoms of biotin deficiency. Embryo death increased after one week of incubation. Embryonic feathers grow poorly, the jaws become shorter, and the brain is filled with water. Subcutaneous hemorrhage, fatty liver, skin edema, and feathers of colored varieties are discolored or faded. The embryo died more than the last 2-3 days of the incubation period. Pantothenic acid has little effect on egg production rate, but has a greater impact on hatching rate and brood survival rate.
1.7 vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 deficiency embryos die early in the second week after hatching. If the sow's diet contains cotton aphid, cotton oil, and linseed cake, the vitamin B6 may be inactivated, leading to deficiency. The vegetable oil in the broiler breeder's diet in Hubei in April 2007 detected excessive cotton oil, which caused the hatching rate to drop below 40%. Vitamin B6 deficiency can reduce egg production. Raw flaxseed contains linolein glycosides and flaxseed enzymes, which must be treated with high temperature before use. It is advisable to increase the amount of vitamin B6 when using linen cake in the diet.
1.8 niacin
The niacin requirement of ducks and geese is about twice as high as that of chickens. Niacin deficiency can reduce egg production and hatchability. Embryos have a large need for niacin and lower laying hens. In the absence of embryos, the tibia is short and thick, the ankle joint is swollen, and the leg is bent and deformed. Breeding chickens lack niacin, their body weight and hatching rate are reduced, and embryo diseases are prone to occur.
1.9 folic acid
Folate-deficient embryonic manifestations are similar to biotin. A large number of deaths occurred around 20d, the neck bone deformed, the embryonic developmental deformity, the sacral deformity type, the mandibular deficiency, the femur bending dislocation, the toe, and the feather coloration was poor. The embryos have a high mortality rate between 18 and 20 days after hatching. The chicken or chicken that has been raised after the shell is elongated, like a goose.
1.10 vitamins
Due to malnutrition of the vitamin K of the poultry, the vitamin K of the egg is insufficient. During the 18th day of hatching, the embryo often dies due to various unexplained bleeding. There is a blood clot in the extra-embryonic blood vessels. When sulfaquinoxaline is contained in the drinking water or feed of the poultry, the disease can be caused by killing the bacteria that synthesize vitamin K.
1.11 biotin
Does not affect the egg production rate, but affects the occurrence of embryo disease, and reduces the hatching rate. Most died 19-21d after hatching, neck bone bending, embryonic skeleton deformity, parrot mouth, cartilage dystrophy, short and deformed calf and wings, and mild bone shortness. Some antibiotics can cause biotin to fail and cause embryo disease.
1.12 vitamin B12
The embryo disease caused by vitamin B12 deficiency died more than one week after hatching and 3 days before shelling. Slow embryo growth, diffuse edema of the skin, distorted humerus, muscle atrophy, most embryos are sandwiched between the legs, edema, parrot mouth, bent toe, enlarged heart, abnormal shape, goiter, heart and liver and subcutaneous hemorrhage, kidney pale , varying degrees of fatty liver. Bone shortness occurs when there is a lack of synchronization with methionine, choline and manganese. When it was found that the vitamin B12 caused the embryo disease, the chicken was given a large amount of vitamin B12, and the newly produced egg could return to normal in about 1 week.
1.13 choline
It helps the operation of blood lipids, reduces the accumulation of fat in the liver, and also saves methionine and promotes growth. If there is a lack of choline in the diet, even if the manganese, biotin, folic acid and niacin are sufficient, bone shortness and stunting will occur. Scientific experiments have shown that choline needs to be obtained in order to obtain the highest egg production rate, high hatching rate and prevention of fatty liver.
Management of 2 kinds of eggs
2.1 Number of eggs picked
The timely collection of the eggs after harvesting can not only reduce the damage and pollution of the eggs, but also avoid the adverse effects on the embryos due to the high and low ambient temperature. This is one of the important measures to improve the qualified rate and hatching rate of the eggs. The laying time of the female duck is concentrated between 1-6 o'clock in the second half of the night. With the extension of the laying age, the laying time is postponed, and some duck farms pick up more eggs at 4 o'clock in the morning.
2.2 Cleanliness
The eggs that have just been laid, if there are feces and dirt, use dry cloth and sandpaper to clean them in time. Eggs after bacterial infection are prone to deterioration or carry pathogenic microorganisms, affecting embryonic development, increasing spoilage eggs and dead embryos, resulting in decreased hatching rate and reduced quality of poultry.
2.3 egg weight
Duck eggs are not too heavy, 90-94g, not too small. When the eggs are too large, the protein can not be fully absorbed in the late incubation period, and it is easy to decompose and produce excessive ammonia, urea and other harmful substances, resulting in embryo poisoning death; when the eggs are too small, the protein content is small, the water is lacking, and the embryo appearance and quality are degraded.
2.4 selection of eggs
In order to ensure that the eggs are evenly sized and of good quality, in addition to ensuring that the eggs are fresh, eggs that are too long and too short, soft shell eggs, broken shell eggs, abnormal colors, broken and heavily contaminated eggs are hatched before hatching. And pick out small or oversized eggs. The quality, preservation and disinfection of eggs are directly related to the hatching rate. The selection of fresh, standard high-quality eggs and strict disinfection before hatching are the basis for high hatching rate and high birth rate. The egg shape index is optimal at 0.72. For too long, too round, malformed eggs should be removed. The eggshell should be uniform, clean and shiny. Eggs with dirt on the sand shell, sand top, steel egg and eggshell should be removed.
2.5 eggs storage
It is best to choose to produce 3-5d eggs, the longest should not exceed 7d, store at 13-18 ° C, humidity 75%, well ventilated place. The freshness of the eggs can be sampled to see the size of the chamber and the condition of the protein yolk. The fresh egg chamber is small and the yolk is dark red or dark yellow. Before entering the incubator, the broiler eggs are disinfected with formaldehyde, and the duck eggs are washed. Because of differences in water quality, the sodium hypochlorite dose test must be performed first.
Disinfection of 2.6 eggs
After the eggs are hatched, they need to be disinfected. Potassium permanganate 14g/m3, formalin 28/m3, fumigation for 30min, then open the door for 30min, then start normal hatching. It is important to note that fumigation should not be carried out within 9-72 hours of incubation, as the embryo is highly sensitive during this period.
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