How do we know where we are and how to identify the way, is this a philosophical question or a scientific one? Winners of the 2014 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine – John O'Keefe, May-Brit Moser and Edward Moser told us that the answer is the latter. Although their findings are just the tip of the iceberg compared to countless neurons and cells in the brain, they open the door to the mystery of human self-recognition, spiritual and intellectual inquiry.
The landmark discovery in the field of spatial cognition is “deserved.†Yi Ming, a researcher at the Institute of Neuroscience at Peking University, said that the results of this award are hard to hide. As a student of the winner John O'Keefe, he studied for 5 and a half years in the Department of Neuroscience at the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK. His research is in the dynamics of mouse hippocampal neural network and its relationship with animal pathology. And the relevance of behavioral changes.
In order to let reporters better understand the great contribution of the three scientists to the development of spatial cognition, Yi Ming took out the postgraduate course PPT he taught and gave a vivid lesson to the reporter.
“The scientific community's research on spatial cognition can be traced back to the 1930s and 1940s. At that time, Lashley, the top expert in global cognitive psychology, proposed the 'stimulus response model', which made spatial cognition from a psychological perspective. Explain, the basic theory is that the individual's process of spatial cognition comes from the cumulative response to various stimuli such as sight and hearing. However, a few years later, this hypothesis, which was regarded as a standard, was overthrown by a series of animal experiments. .
In 1948, Edward Tolman put forward the concept of "cognitive map", that is, the spatial cognition process is not a simple stimulus-response, but some places in the brain can tell the individual's own position by writing a map. Unfortunately, this hypothesis has not been confirmed.
Until 1957, the world's first case of resection of the bilateral hippocampus to treat severe epilepsy was reported. The patient lost the ability to form new long-term memory after surgery, and spatial cognition also showed obstacles. These changes confirmed for the first time. The “cognitive map†may actually exist, and the site of existence may be in the hippocampus.
Since then, scientists in different fields such as neuroanatomy, physiology, and behavior have focused their research on the hippocampus and tried to answer the mechanism of this brain region's participation in cognitive processes, but it has not been successful. Until 1971, John O'Keefe discovered the "positional cells" of the hippocampus.
Yi Ming played a video for the reporter. The video restores O'Keefe's experiment: the rat is free to move in a box, the electrode is embedded in the rat hippocampus, and the rat is active. Each time a specific area passes, a hippocampal neuron (position cell) will At the same time, the action potential is emitted, and at the same time, the device that records the discharge of the neuron flashes the light and emits a "beep" discharge sound.
In 1978, O'Keefe and others wrote "Hippo is a cognitive map", the first complete and systematic description of the function of the hippocampus brain region, as well as the spatial cognitive behavior mechanism.
On this basis, Moser and his wife discovered “grid cells†in the “enveloped cortex†area upstream of the hippocampus in 2005. When mice move at different distances, specific neurons are activated when they are olfactory. After the accumulation of millions of neurons in the cortex is accumulated, the mice can judge their own trajectories.
"From the perspective of mathematical models, there are two important factors in the positioning of individuals. One is direction and the other is distance. Therefore, when the cellular mechanisms of these two key factors are revealed, the core problem in the process of spatial cognition It has also been solved." Yi Ming said that since then, the Moze couples have successively discovered that other cells in the olfactory brain can simultaneously determine the distance and direction, as well as the "boundary" of the environment, and the above cells and the "positional cells" constitute a complete circuit. This loop system constitutes a complex positioning system, and the operating mechanism of the brain built-in "GPS" is revealed.
Success comes from ideological innovation and scientific ideals. "In the field of spatial cognition, there is a fixed phrase called 'O'Keefe', which means respect for experimental design." In the interview, some experts told reporters that O'Keefe's research is the most The remarkable feature is that it relies on clever experimental design and combines some basic experimental techniques to answer the most critical scientific questions. “This is completely different from some scientists who rely more on emerging technologies for research.â€
"The best work that led to his award-winning work in 1971 is the best example." According to reports, from 1957 to 1971, the global neuroscientists almost did the same thing, putting the electrodes in the hippocampus of mice, exploring this. How does an area encode spatial memory. However, no one has given an answer for 14 years.
Compared with other scientists, O'Keefe has rewritten the history by merely innovating the experimental design. “Before scientists were looking for a small box, put the mouse in, and then continually stimulated light, electricity, heat, etc., hoping to find a neuron change corresponding to the stimulus. But no one can make a result. Although O'Keefe also applies The same electrophysiological technique, but he just put the mouse in a large box and let the mouse move freely to see what the mouse is doing when some neurons are discharged."
Not only that, O'Keefe proposed a series of hypotheses in the 1990s, that is, somewhere in the brain, there may be some other types of neurons that can encode not only distances, boundaries, but also directions and distances. Many of these core theories have been confirmed by subsequent research.
In Yi Ming's view, O'Keefe is a casual person, but this does not affect his insistence on academic views. "A classic example, in 1978, O'Keefe systematically explained the hippocampus function. Until 1999, an American scientist proposed that the hippocampus brain region is related to the sense of smell, which is completely contrary to O'Keefe's theory. In this regard, O'Keefe did not stand idly by. Instead of accepting the smile, the students repeated the experiments of American scientists in the same way, and found that the results were completely different from the reports. Later, he published his research results, and he was not afraid to offend his peers.
Neuroscience research is a "blue ocean"
In the scientific community, there are different voices for the ownership of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In this regard, Yi Ming said that the reason for the controversy may be that the discovery of spatial cognition by three scientists is more than an explanation mechanism, and has not solved the clinical problem. In addition, the award-winning results are more focused on spatial behavior and spatial exploration. Compared with the scientific results of DNA biological processes, such as the discovery of DNA double helix structure, the scope of influence is indeed limited.
“But it cannot be denied that the research results of the three scientists are indeed the most important findings in the entire cognitive science field. The ultimate goal of neuroscience research, including spatial cognition, is to answer the biological basis of mental activity.†Ming said.
Liu Shaojun, a researcher in the Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, said that neuroscience involves a variety of high-level brain activities such as learning, memory, cognition, decision-making, language, and emotion, as well as the survival of individuals such as exercise, sensation, and visceral regulation. Closely related. Not only that, neuroscience research also includes the occurrence and treatment of neurological diseases, the repair of brain and spinal cord trauma, and the above-mentioned neural circuits related to brain function. Neuroscience is the most complex field of research today and the most promising area of ​​science. In the 114 years since the establishment of the Nobel Prize in 1901, 48 neuroscientists have been awarded in 25 years; this year, the Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time in the field of brain space cognition.
"Currently some core theories based on animal research have been confirmed in humans. For example, recent studies using brain imaging techniques and studies of patients undergoing neurosurgery have shown that 'location cells' are also present in 'grid cells'. In the human brain. Therefore, understanding the brain localization system may help us understand the specific mechanism of spatial memory loss in some diseases.†Yi Ming said, but objectively, there is still a way to truly transform the theory into technology. Going.
Reporter's notes of neuroscience research gaps where <br> <br> the last 20 years, our country has made progress in neuroscience research worldwide attention, but compared with European and American countries have a big gap for reasons including less investment in research, scientific management The concept is backward, the evaluation mechanism is not scientific, and some scientists lack the courage and perseverance to be brave in innovation.
In an interview with reporters, some experts admitted that although there are also a group of top neuroscientists in China, it is difficult to become a forest. The foreign neuroscience research echelon presents a pyramid state with a solid foundation, and the latter is often produced through full competition.
In the field of spatial cognition, there are fewer researchers in China. Experts say that the essence of cognitive process is a "subjective" process, and the standard of science is precisely "objective". Therefore, domestic academic circles are more inclined to "objective" scientific research, coupled with the number of domestic SCI papers and "impact." “Factor†is the criterion for judging the main indicators, which limits the enthusiasm of scholars for innovative research.
If the number of papers and the impact factor are used as the criterion, O'Keefe is certainly not a winner. He produces an average of one paper a year, not all of which is published in top magazines, but his work directly creates a new field of study. And each article addresses a key issue in this area.
Experts bluntly said that if there is a breakthrough in foreign countries, and if someone wins the Nobel Prize, we will follow it. Then our scientific research pace will always follow in the footsteps, and we will wear a "tightening curse" for ourselves. We should focus on the needs of China's neuroscience and major scientific issues, and explore the scientific fields not covered by the predecessors.
In the interview, Professor Xu Qunyuan, director of the Beijing Institute of Neuroscience at the Capital Medical University and professor of neurobiology, told reporters that the level of brain science research is a manifestation of national competitiveness. At present, European and American countries have successively formulated brain science research plans for the next 10 years or even longer, and invested huge sums of money to carry out innovative neuroscience technology research and development. China's brain science research program is about to be released. China has a wealth of clinical case resources. Exploring the mystery of human brain with a major brain disease as an entry point should be an idea for formulating a brain research plan, that is, while paying attention to basic research, it should focus on major Research and development of prevention and treatment of brain diseases, focus on research.
In an interview with reporters, Yi Ming recalled a sentence that O'Keefe had given him: "Don't want to do anything to win the Nobel Prize, what to do if you are good at making an article, but what to do with what you are interested in, and stick to it. "This is worthy of thinking by Chinese researchers.
The landmark discovery in the field of spatial cognition is “deserved.†Yi Ming, a researcher at the Institute of Neuroscience at Peking University, said that the results of this award are hard to hide. As a student of the winner John O'Keefe, he studied for 5 and a half years in the Department of Neuroscience at the Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, University College London, UK. His research is in the dynamics of mouse hippocampal neural network and its relationship with animal pathology. And the relevance of behavioral changes.
In order to let reporters better understand the great contribution of the three scientists to the development of spatial cognition, Yi Ming took out the postgraduate course PPT he taught and gave a vivid lesson to the reporter.
“The scientific community's research on spatial cognition can be traced back to the 1930s and 1940s. At that time, Lashley, the top expert in global cognitive psychology, proposed the 'stimulus response model', which made spatial cognition from a psychological perspective. Explain, the basic theory is that the individual's process of spatial cognition comes from the cumulative response to various stimuli such as sight and hearing. However, a few years later, this hypothesis, which was regarded as a standard, was overthrown by a series of animal experiments. .
In 1948, Edward Tolman put forward the concept of "cognitive map", that is, the spatial cognition process is not a simple stimulus-response, but some places in the brain can tell the individual's own position by writing a map. Unfortunately, this hypothesis has not been confirmed.
Until 1957, the world's first case of resection of the bilateral hippocampus to treat severe epilepsy was reported. The patient lost the ability to form new long-term memory after surgery, and spatial cognition also showed obstacles. These changes confirmed for the first time. The “cognitive map†may actually exist, and the site of existence may be in the hippocampus.
Since then, scientists in different fields such as neuroanatomy, physiology, and behavior have focused their research on the hippocampus and tried to answer the mechanism of this brain region's participation in cognitive processes, but it has not been successful. Until 1971, John O'Keefe discovered the "positional cells" of the hippocampus.
Yi Ming played a video for the reporter. The video restores O'Keefe's experiment: the rat is free to move in a box, the electrode is embedded in the rat hippocampus, and the rat is active. Each time a specific area passes, a hippocampal neuron (position cell) will At the same time, the action potential is emitted, and at the same time, the device that records the discharge of the neuron flashes the light and emits a "beep" discharge sound.
In 1978, O'Keefe and others wrote "Hippo is a cognitive map", the first complete and systematic description of the function of the hippocampus brain region, as well as the spatial cognitive behavior mechanism.
On this basis, Moser and his wife discovered “grid cells†in the “enveloped cortex†area upstream of the hippocampus in 2005. When mice move at different distances, specific neurons are activated when they are olfactory. After the accumulation of millions of neurons in the cortex is accumulated, the mice can judge their own trajectories.
"From the perspective of mathematical models, there are two important factors in the positioning of individuals. One is direction and the other is distance. Therefore, when the cellular mechanisms of these two key factors are revealed, the core problem in the process of spatial cognition It has also been solved." Yi Ming said that since then, the Moze couples have successively discovered that other cells in the olfactory brain can simultaneously determine the distance and direction, as well as the "boundary" of the environment, and the above cells and the "positional cells" constitute a complete circuit. This loop system constitutes a complex positioning system, and the operating mechanism of the brain built-in "GPS" is revealed.
Success comes from ideological innovation and scientific ideals. "In the field of spatial cognition, there is a fixed phrase called 'O'Keefe', which means respect for experimental design." In the interview, some experts told reporters that O'Keefe's research is the most The remarkable feature is that it relies on clever experimental design and combines some basic experimental techniques to answer the most critical scientific questions. “This is completely different from some scientists who rely more on emerging technologies for research.â€
"The best work that led to his award-winning work in 1971 is the best example." According to reports, from 1957 to 1971, the global neuroscientists almost did the same thing, putting the electrodes in the hippocampus of mice, exploring this. How does an area encode spatial memory. However, no one has given an answer for 14 years.
Compared with other scientists, O'Keefe has rewritten the history by merely innovating the experimental design. “Before scientists were looking for a small box, put the mouse in, and then continually stimulated light, electricity, heat, etc., hoping to find a neuron change corresponding to the stimulus. But no one can make a result. Although O'Keefe also applies The same electrophysiological technique, but he just put the mouse in a large box and let the mouse move freely to see what the mouse is doing when some neurons are discharged."
Not only that, O'Keefe proposed a series of hypotheses in the 1990s, that is, somewhere in the brain, there may be some other types of neurons that can encode not only distances, boundaries, but also directions and distances. Many of these core theories have been confirmed by subsequent research.
In Yi Ming's view, O'Keefe is a casual person, but this does not affect his insistence on academic views. "A classic example, in 1978, O'Keefe systematically explained the hippocampus function. Until 1999, an American scientist proposed that the hippocampus brain region is related to the sense of smell, which is completely contrary to O'Keefe's theory. In this regard, O'Keefe did not stand idly by. Instead of accepting the smile, the students repeated the experiments of American scientists in the same way, and found that the results were completely different from the reports. Later, he published his research results, and he was not afraid to offend his peers.
Neuroscience research is a "blue ocean"
In the scientific community, there are different voices for the ownership of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. In this regard, Yi Ming said that the reason for the controversy may be that the discovery of spatial cognition by three scientists is more than an explanation mechanism, and has not solved the clinical problem. In addition, the award-winning results are more focused on spatial behavior and spatial exploration. Compared with the scientific results of DNA biological processes, such as the discovery of DNA double helix structure, the scope of influence is indeed limited.
“But it cannot be denied that the research results of the three scientists are indeed the most important findings in the entire cognitive science field. The ultimate goal of neuroscience research, including spatial cognition, is to answer the biological basis of mental activity.†Ming said.
Liu Shaojun, a researcher in the Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, said that neuroscience involves a variety of high-level brain activities such as learning, memory, cognition, decision-making, language, and emotion, as well as the survival of individuals such as exercise, sensation, and visceral regulation. Closely related. Not only that, neuroscience research also includes the occurrence and treatment of neurological diseases, the repair of brain and spinal cord trauma, and the above-mentioned neural circuits related to brain function. Neuroscience is the most complex field of research today and the most promising area of ​​science. In the 114 years since the establishment of the Nobel Prize in 1901, 48 neuroscientists have been awarded in 25 years; this year, the Nobel Prize was awarded for the first time in the field of brain space cognition.
"Currently some core theories based on animal research have been confirmed in humans. For example, recent studies using brain imaging techniques and studies of patients undergoing neurosurgery have shown that 'location cells' are also present in 'grid cells'. In the human brain. Therefore, understanding the brain localization system may help us understand the specific mechanism of spatial memory loss in some diseases.†Yi Ming said, but objectively, there is still a way to truly transform the theory into technology. Going.
Reporter's notes of neuroscience research gaps where <br> <br> the last 20 years, our country has made progress in neuroscience research worldwide attention, but compared with European and American countries have a big gap for reasons including less investment in research, scientific management The concept is backward, the evaluation mechanism is not scientific, and some scientists lack the courage and perseverance to be brave in innovation.
In an interview with reporters, some experts admitted that although there are also a group of top neuroscientists in China, it is difficult to become a forest. The foreign neuroscience research echelon presents a pyramid state with a solid foundation, and the latter is often produced through full competition.
In the field of spatial cognition, there are fewer researchers in China. Experts say that the essence of cognitive process is a "subjective" process, and the standard of science is precisely "objective". Therefore, domestic academic circles are more inclined to "objective" scientific research, coupled with the number of domestic SCI papers and "impact." “Factor†is the criterion for judging the main indicators, which limits the enthusiasm of scholars for innovative research.
If the number of papers and the impact factor are used as the criterion, O'Keefe is certainly not a winner. He produces an average of one paper a year, not all of which is published in top magazines, but his work directly creates a new field of study. And each article addresses a key issue in this area.
Experts bluntly said that if there is a breakthrough in foreign countries, and if someone wins the Nobel Prize, we will follow it. Then our scientific research pace will always follow in the footsteps, and we will wear a "tightening curse" for ourselves. We should focus on the needs of China's neuroscience and major scientific issues, and explore the scientific fields not covered by the predecessors.
In the interview, Professor Xu Qunyuan, director of the Beijing Institute of Neuroscience at the Capital Medical University and professor of neurobiology, told reporters that the level of brain science research is a manifestation of national competitiveness. At present, European and American countries have successively formulated brain science research plans for the next 10 years or even longer, and invested huge sums of money to carry out innovative neuroscience technology research and development. China's brain science research program is about to be released. China has a wealth of clinical case resources. Exploring the mystery of human brain with a major brain disease as an entry point should be an idea for formulating a brain research plan, that is, while paying attention to basic research, it should focus on major Research and development of prevention and treatment of brain diseases, focus on research.
In an interview with reporters, Yi Ming recalled a sentence that O'Keefe had given him: "Don't want to do anything to win the Nobel Prize, what to do if you are good at making an article, but what to do with what you are interested in, and stick to it. "This is worthy of thinking by Chinese researchers.
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