Release date: 2016-06-20
It's hard to believe that some cancers will disappear miraculously, but this has happened, and according to the literature, there are already 1,000 cases of tumors that have naturally subsided. So why is this happening? Can it be used to benefit cancer patients?
The earliest document that documented the natural regression of cancer occurred at the end of the 13th century when an osteosarcoma patient spontaneously disappeared after a severe bacterial infection. In the late 19th century, William, a surgeon in New York City, USA? William Coley discovered that induction of fever may cause tumor regression. He developed a Coley's vaccine and successfully regressed many patients' tumors.
Scientists have found that in the absence of any targeted treatment, some tumors disappear automatically after infection with bacteria, viruses, fungi or protozoa. In 2014, a study in the journal Science Translational Medicine showed that direct injection of certain bacteria into growing tumors can shrink or even shrink the tumor, and the therapy has been successful in both cancer dog patients and human patients. So, does this mean that simply stimulating the immune system can cause tumors to disappear automatically?
William Coley
not that simple
Over the past 70 years, tumor auto-disappearance has been found in multiple tumor types, especially in melanoma (skin), renal cell tumor (kidney), neuroblastoma (adrenal gland), and certain types of hematological tumors. Although the literature documents the phenomenon of automatic tumor regression, the mechanism behind this phenomenon is still unclear, and it is difficult to quantify, as many cases may not be reported in research journals.
One possible factor in the natural regression of tumors is that the body triggers an immune response to specific antigens on the surface of the tumor. The observation of many immune cells in some skin tumors (malignant melanoma) provides evidence for this idea. In another interesting case report, after a patient with a kidney cancer surgically removed a portion of the tumor, the remaining tumor spontaneously disappeared. The basic principle of this phenomenon is that after surgery, the local immune response is enough to prevent the growth of the remaining tumors.
However, tumors are notoriously variants, both genetically and in action, which is why some patients become ruthlessly exacerbated, and some patients can automatically resolve tumors. The same kind of cancer, such as breast cancer, can have many different ways of variation, which is also the reason that affects tumor growth rate, spread and treatment. Therefore, genetic variation is also likely to be the cause of spontaneous regression of the tumor.
Rare childhood cancer may provide some clues
Neuroblastoma is a rare childhood cancer that may reveal some information about how genetic variation affects the natural regression of a tumor. In the UK, approximately 100 children are diagnosed with neuroblastoma each year, but depending on the age, the disease progression of these patients varies widely, and patients with type 2 neuroblastoma under 18 months require intensive treatment. But only 40%-50% survival rate.
Studies have shown that type 1 neuroblastomas have a unique genotype compared to type 2 neuroblastoma. For example, such tumors usually contain large amounts of cellular receptors (TrkA) that trigger tumor cell suicide, while type 2 Neuroblastomas contain different cellular receptors, TrKB, which can cause tumors to be highly aggressive.
Another possibility to explain is that telomerase levels in type 1 neuroblastoma are very low compared to type 2 neuroblastoma. Telomerase controls the length of specific DNA fragments that promote the constant division of cells, causing cells to divide. In type 1 neuroblastoma, due to the low telomerase activity, these fragments are short and unstable, and are more likely to cause cell death.
Epigenetic changes cannot be excluded when explaining this phenomenon. Epigenetic changes do not affect the DNA sequence of the cell, but alter the activity of various proteins by "labeling" the DNA. Therefore, cells with the same DNA may have completely different behavior due to differences in DNA "markers". Recent studies have shown that genetic markers for type 1 neuroblastoma are significantly different from type 2 neuroblastoma.
Although the exact mechanism by which tumors spontaneously disappear has not been established, stimulating a strong immune response may play an important role in some people with specific genes. However, further research is needed to explore the association between genes and stimulating immune responses to answer how tumors regress automatically. The next step should be to develop genetically based, artificially stimulating immune systems, and to develop animal models that mimic the natural regression of human tumors.
By activating the immune system to attack cancer, CNS continues to issue
In recent years, researchers have made some progress in attacking cancer by activating the immune system. Relevant results have been reported in journals such as Nature and Science.
A study published in the June 1 issue of Science Translational Medicine revealed that an experimental viral therapy can significantly prolong the life cycle of patients with malignant glioma. The researchers said that this is the first clinical use of data to confirm that antifungal therapy not only kills tumor cells, but also activates the immune system to attack tumor cells and retain healthy cells.
The mechanism of action of this treatment is that injectable Toca 511, a non-lytic retroviral replication vector, is injected into a patient, infects actively dividing cancer cells, and delivers a cytosine deaminase. Genes into these cancer cells. Inside the tumor, Toca 511 programs the cancer cells to produce cytosine deaminase, ready for the second stage of treatment. First, the researchers injected Toca 511 virus into actively dividing cancer cells, which carries a gene that expresses cytosine deaminase; then, Toca 511 synthesizes cytosine deaminase in brain cancer cells; finally, the patient accepted An antifungal drug called Toca FC, a gene mutation triggered by Toca 511 converts Toca FC into the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). <detailed>
Also on June 1st, German researchers proposed a method of attacking cancer with a "Trojan horse" - a "virus" in the body to promote the body's anti-tumor immunity, the results published in the journal Nature.
In this study, the "Trojan Horse" was synthesized in the laboratory and is a nanoparticle coated with an oncogene RNA by a fatty acid membrane. The researchers injected nanoparticles into the patient to simulate viral invasion, while the nanoparticles penetrated into specialized immune cells, such as dendritic cells encoding RNA, which in turn promoted the production of tumor antigens, which in turn activated anti-cancer T cells. Thereby forming a comprehensive anti-cancer mechanism. This new treatment is called a nucleic acid vaccine, which acts like a preventive vaccine to mimic the source of infection to promote the body's immune response.
Source: Bio-Exploration
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