The autumn and winter cultivation of cucumbers in solar greenhouses is a cornice arrangement that connects the production of large and medium arch sheds and cucumbers grown in greenhouses in winter and spring. It is an important part of the annual supply of cucumbers in the north. The environmental conditions experienced by this cucumber are just the opposite to the environmental conditions experienced by cucumbers in winter and spring. The seedling period is a high temperature season, and the middle and late growth periods are transformed into a low temperature period, and the light gradually weakens. Therefore, in terms of cultivation techniques, it is different from winter and spring.
Variety selection and nursery
This cucumber is generally planted in the middle of August and planted in September. Seedlings are hot and rainy, and they are at low temperature and low light during the late growth period. Must use heat, cold, strong growth. Adaptable disease-resistant varieties do not require precocity, stressing mid- and late-stage yields.
Fertilizing preparation and planting
Cucumber is a hi fat crop. The yield and disease resistance of cucumber are closely related to the quantity and quality of basal fertilizer application. Be sure to apply more compost, circulatory fertilizer, chicken manure, human feces dilute, and cake fat, etc. It requires a total of 10,000 kilograms of high quality fertilizer per acre. The amount of fertilizer per acre is: superphosphate 100 ~ 200 kg, 60 kg of ammonium bicarbonate can also be used instead of 50 ~ 100 kg of diammonium phosphate two kinds of fertilizer, cake fertilizer 200 ~ 300 kg, 150 kg of plant ash. When using basal fertilizer, it is best to combine Puxi with furrow, first spread 2/3 of the fertilizer, artificially deepen it twice, with a depth of 30 to 40 cm. After the leveling, press 80 cm large and small. Line 60 cm north-south to open the ditch, the remaining 1/3 of fertilizer applied to the ditch, must be fully mixed with the soil to prevent burning roots. The ditch is filled with clay and filled with clay. The original ditch is ridiculously arranged at a row spacing, with a width of 80 cm, a narrow row of 60 cm, a ridge height of 10-15 cm and a ridge width of 40 cm. The width of the ditch is 40 cm wide for pedestrians to operate; the narrow row of ditch is 20 cm wide for watering. Poor soil moisture, watering before ridging. Pour a small amount of water into the seedbed 1 to 2 days before planting so as to keep it open. In a well-developed ridge, a ditch with a depth of 10 cm is formed, and the seedlings are planted at a spacing of 30 cm (3,100 per acre), then watered and covered with water to infiltrate. The earthworms must be in close contact with the soil. Voids.
When planting, pay attention to 4 points:
1 The bandits must be large to reduce the damage. 2 The size of the seedlings should be separated. Large seedlings should be planted in the front and two greenhouses, and small seedlings should be planted in the middle and back parts. 3 Tossing seedlings should be carried out gently. After the seedlings are placed in the hole, they should not be pressed by hand to prevent the roots from spreading. 4 The buried soil should not be too deep. After mastering the soil, the soil ridges should be level with the surface.
Post-planting management, mulching and fertilizer management
After 3 to 5 days after planting, when the seedlings have begun to grow, the seedlings will be poured once into the seedlings. When the soil is not sticky after the water, it is necessary to protect the earth with loose soil to facilitate the growth of new roots. The cultivating soil is best carried out 2 or 3 times. When the new root is extended from the soil to the rows, the cultivator is stopped. Before the 5 to 6 leaf cucumbers spread, the furrows are flattened and the ridges are well made, with a width of 1.2. The 1.3 m high mulch covers the two small high ridges on both sides of the narrow ridge. In order to open water afterwards, multiple fine bamboo pieces or branches can be inserted in the base of two small high ridges to prop up the mulch. Open the film with a blade and pull out the seedlings. This is done by burying the soil around the holes. It is good to work in the afternoon. When the root melon grows 15 to 20 centimeters long, chase a fertilizer, such as ammonium nitrate and diammonium phosphate. 30 ~ 40 kilograms of mu, Shunshui flushing, it is best not to use urea and ammonium bicarbonate, to prevent the harm of ammonia gas to Guai. After entering the melon period, it usually takes about 10 days to pour a water. In November, you can chase the fertilizer once again or not. If you apply fertilizer, apply 20-25 kilograms of chemical fertilizer per acre and enter December in winter. When it is sunny, it must not be dismantled at once, and it must be gradually revealed from many places. When it comes to exposing, it depends on the response of Kua. If the melon leaves break, it means that the temperature is too high, and then cover it with grasshoppers. This is called "returning." When the leaves are not in season, the grasshoppers can be removed again. When the leaves no longer hover, the grasshoppers are all removed. Inserts and tied vines. When the guaguan vines begin to spread, it is necessary to carry out plug racks, insert racks in 2 kinds: 1 hanging thread hanging vines. On the top of the cultivation line, a 14th wire is fixed in the north-south direction. The upper end of the wire is hung on the lead wire, and the lower end is hung on the stem of the seedling. 2 single row stand. Use bamboo poles to stand vertically on each row of seedlings, then use a horizontal bar to connect each pole. When the tendrils of the cucumbers begin to bind the vines, when tying the vines, do not injure the leaves and place the leaves evenly on the rack to prevent them from being blocked. At the same time, the lateral vine buds, male flowers, and tendrils were all removed, and domes were made in mid-December. Grafting seedlings may be appropriate later.
Harvesting
Picking cucumbers is usually done in the morning after watering. Harvesting cucumbers is not simply a harvest. At the same time, we must do three things: look at the growth of plants. The root melon should be properly harvested. If the plant is weak, the root melon can be discarded at a young age. When taking melons and melons, the plants have grown and the leaves have been used. A piece of melon should not be picked, first look at the impact of melon after picking the melon. If there is no melon in the upper part of the melon, the melon grows very vigorously. After picking, it may appear that the melon grows. Should be delayed a few days harvest. If the melon grows weak, the larger melon can be harvested in advance and the growth of the plant can be adjusted by harvesting the melon so that the vegetative growth and the reproductive growth can proceed simultaneously. Second, look at market conditions. Fall winter cucumbers are generally colder the higher the price. In order to promote growth, when the price of cucumber is high, the output can be increased. In the early stages, some melons can be artificially dredged. In November, the weather is good, and some melons can be used appropriately. After December, the light is low, the temperature is low, and the growth is slow. The melon should be light, try to keep part of the normal melon strips delayed. Three to see whether to store after the melon. In the early stage of harvesting, cucumbers still have a certain amount of cucumbers after the autumn harvest and after the fall of the greenhouse. If they are listed at the same time, they will inevitably affect prices and reduce income, in order not to compete with the market and catch up with the good market; Picked melons are stored for a short period of time. If the melons are to be stored, they should be harvested at the ripening stage and ripening stage of the cucumber within the mature range of the commodity, and cannot be harvested during the ripening period.
Cucumber physiological disorders and preventive measures
1, leggy seedlings characterized by slender stems, long internodes, thin leaves and light, soft tissue, small roots, few melon or melon. The main reasons are: insufficient light or high temperature, especially when the night temperature is too high. Nitrogen fertilizer and adequate water are also important conditions for longevity. Prevention measures: enhanced light, lower night temperature, control of watering, nitrogen fertilization amount and frequency.
2. The rigid seedlings mainly exhibit seedling dwarfing, thin stems, small leaves, dark green leaves, less roots, and less prone to new roots. Flower buds are not normally differentiated and do not grow trees, and flowering tends to occur after planting. The reasons are: insufficient supply of fertilizer and water, low temperature or long seedlings. Excessive use of hormones can cause similar phenomena. Preventive measures: Strengthen warming and heat preservation, ensure certain fertilizer and water conditions, and avoid seedlings taking too long to avoid using hormone pesticides indiscriminately.
3. Burning This phenomenon is caused by too much fertilizer in the nursery bed or organic fertilizer without adequate decomposition, resulting in a high concentration of soil solution. Control measures: Do not apply too much fertilizer at a time and apply ripe organic fertilizer; After burning occurs, the number of waterings may be appropriately increased to reduce the concentration of the soil solution.
4. Roots and roots The seedling roots are due to the humidity of the seedbed being too large, the low concentration of oxygen in the soil, and the lower ground temperature, resulting in the growth of the shoots, the yellowish leaves, and even the death of the seedlings. Preventive measures: Control the amount of watering, strengthen ventilation, raise the temperature of the seedbed, and cultivating loose soil.
5, flash seedlings and acute wilt in the normal weather and management conditions, seedlings water absorption, loss of water tend to be consistent (ie, metabolic balance), once the prominent abnormal circumstances, such as strong winds or strong light or continuous low temperature and rainy days, The sudden rise in temperatures in the shed will cause the water metabolism of the seedlings to become unbalanced and the loss of water will cause excessive water loss, causing the seedlings to wilt. If the duration is too long, the leaves will not be able to recover, the chlorosis will dry, and the whole plant will die. Prevention and control measures: When ventilating, the air outlet should be small and large first, and be covered with a film at the air vent to prevent the cold air from directly blowing on the seedlings. For the glare caused by strong light, short-term shading can be adopted until it is adapted. . For sudden turning of the weather after continuous low temperature, it is even more important to avoid overheating in the shed. In addition, sugar water can also be sprayed on the leaves.
6. The melons, ie cucumbers, stopped halfway through the swell, yellowed and wilted, and finally dried up. This symptom occurs throughout the entire melon period. The main reasons are: low temperature, lack of light; excessive density, poor permeability, plant closure, water and fertilizer management can not keep up, pest and disease hazards can cause pomegranate; in addition, poor fruiting ability of the single species is also easy to melon. Prevention and control measures: select suitable varieties, such as cucumbers, golden century, Jinlu No.3, Yuyi Century Star, cucumbers, etc. of Yuyi New Century; before the female flower of cucumber is cultivated, the foliar sprayed with 500 times liquid of Jianzhibao or Mushi agricultural use. 30 grams of rare earth can reduce the melons; strengthen the management of fertilizers and water, reasonably control the temperature and enhance the light intensity; reduce the density of planting and timely remove the old yellow leaves.
7, malformed melon in cucumber cultivation, due to poor management, often there will be a variety of deformed melons: 1 Curved melon: Mainly because of malnutrition, thin plants, such as lack of light, improper temperature management, or pre-squash water Normal, insufficient water supply in the later period, or caused by injuring the roots, causing serious diseases and pests, etc. In addition, physical causes such as shading or pinching of female flowers or young fruit by racks, tendrils, stalks, etc. can also cause malformation. Prevention and control measures: Strengthen the management of temperature, humidity, fertilizer and water, strengthen prevention and control of pests and diseases, and remove tendrils in time. 2 big head melon (that is, big tummy melon): When the female flower pollination is not sufficient, pollination of the apex first inflated, and other nutritional deficiencies or uneven moisture can cause large head melon. Some of the cucumber varieties cultivated on the open soil are more likely to cause big umbilicus phenomenon after bees and other insects have pollinated but lack of nutrients. Prevention and control measures: the same as bending melon. 3 small head melon, small head melon refers to the melon strips thick, thin front end, when serious triangle. It is generally believed that when the fertile traits are monosomy, they encounter obstacles and are prone to small head squash when they are fertilized. Winter greenhouse cultivation occurs due to poor insect pollination. The growth of plants is weak, and it is also prone to happen when the vine grows. Prevention measures are to strengthen fertilizer and water management, prevent plant aging, and enhance the assimilation of leaves. In addition, it is also an effective preventive approach to planting varieties with strong monosomy, such as New Century and Golden Age. 4 Waist gourd, thin waist melon is refers to the central part of the longitudinal axis of melon, one or more places appear shrinking and thinning. Thinning is often easy to break, the middle is empty, often turned brown. Under the protective environment, due to the high temperature and high humidity conditions, cucumber plants tend to overgrow, and when the plants are in a continuous high-temperature and dry environment, the growth of plants is weakened, so that the growth of normal growth melons is limited, and a thin waist occurs. melon. In addition, such melons are also produced when boron deficiency or boron transport into fruits is impeded. Preventive measures are mainly to increase basic fertilizer (organic fertilizer) and boron fertilizer, to strengthen fertilizer and water management, and to consider the balance of nutrition, can not only apply nitrogen fertilizer, while ignoring the application of phosphorus, potassium and other elemental fertilizers. 5 bitter melon, the main reason is due to the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer in the production, or phosphorus, potassium deficiency, especially sudden excessive nitrogen fertilizer is prone to bitter taste. In addition, the ground temperature is too low (less than 13 °C) or the greenhouse temperature is too high (above 30 °C) and a longer duration, are prone to bitter melon. Bitterness is hereditary, and the dark green leaves have a bitter taste. Control measures: balanced fertilization; use of non-bitter varieties; strengthen the management of temperature and humidity, timely cultivating loose soil, to avoid physiological drought. In addition, spraying biological agents Jian Bo can effectively prevent the occurrence of bitter melon.
Cucumber "three no" phenomenon solution
In the pre-growth stage of greenhouse cucumbers, the phenomenon of no male flowers, no female flowers, and no tendrils is called "three nos" phenomenon. This is a physiologically serious disorder that is still not yet clear.
1. High daylight temperature and strong light intensity, while nighttime temperatures are too low, affecting the outward transportation and transformation of nutrient production during daytime, resulting in excessive accumulation of nutrients in leaves, greenish thickening and brittleness, and not being used for reproductive growth. This is one of the arguments.
2, in the past, cucumber seedling management measures have been controlled water seedlings, and other water and fertilizer attack after the fruiting melon, and this year's situation is the weather is good early, in order to prevent seedlings too large, friends control melon farmers, resulting in cucumber Severe physiological disorders occur in plants and the phenomenon of "three nos" is formed.
3. The imbalance of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients causes physiological disorders. In particular, excessive use of phosphate fertilizer or a serious shortage of potassium fertilizer, resulting in internode shortening between the joints can not be opened, large and thick leaves, and even cucumber melon bar thorn or thorn little phenomenon.
4. Some substances in hormonal pesticides and foliar fertilizers, especially as a result of the imbalance of internal hormones caused by the action of PP333; there is also a saying that the temperature at the seedling stage is high and the temperature drops sharply after the seedlings are transplanted, resulting in poor root development. The occurrence of physiological disorders. We believe that the cause may be caused by many factors and it is a combination of various adverse factors. At present, cucumber experts are experimenting and observing in order to find out the true reason. The nature of the above-mentioned "three nos" phenomenon is still unclear, but there are still solutions that can be resolved. The practice in some localities in Shandong is to adopt a combination of promotion and control and achieve good results. Its approach is: to promote, increase the temperature in the daytime shed to 35 degrees or more. The use of high temperatures to break the internal disturbances results in a new balance between the long pods and the pods. The night temperature can be maintained at about 15-20 degrees. In the same place, the cucumber in the well-heated greenhouse is better than the poor one. Second, the big floods and top-dressing micro-fertilizers can no longer be controlled, and the whole plant is left undisturbed, maintaining good ventilation and light conditions. Three control, with cytokinin and Zenggualing foliar spray 2 times, small melon fetus with "powerful seat Gua Ling" loquat melon tire treatment, as long as they live in melon, melon parts can form nutrient center, Guaran It will not prosper, and it begins to produce a lot of melons.
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