(1) Temperature conditions
Apple's various physiological activities, biochemical reactions and growth and development processes must be performed under certain temperature conditions. Otherwise, their normal growth and development will be suppressed, blocked, victimized or even died.
The influence of temperature on Apple's life activities is mainly reflected in the following aspects:
1) Three-point temperature
The temperature required by apple's life activities and growth and development has the lowest, the most suitable, and the highest three base point temperatures in terms of its physiological processes. It is generally believed that the minimum temperature of apple is about 5.0 °C, the optimum temperature is 13 °C to 25 °C, the maximum temperature is about 40 °C, and due to variety, organ, age, growth period, physiological process and temperature, and other ecological factors The difference varies. The optimum average temperature for different species during the growing season is also different.
2) accumulated temperature
Different apple varieties, different organs, and growth stages require a certain amount of accumulated temperature. The amount of accumulated temperature has an important influence on the growth, development, yield and quality of apples. Therefore, accumulated temperature is often used as an important indicator of the characteristics of varieties and is an important basis for phenological forecast, yield quality research, ecological analysis and zoning.
3) accumulated temperature and flowering period
Calculating the accumulated temperature before flowering can predict the flowering period of apple. Temperate regions generally use the effective accumulated temperature of 5 °C at the lowest temperature of the tree growth to predict the flowering period. According to studies, apple has an average accumulated temperature of 160-180°C above 5°C after the temperature reaches 5°C until the initial flowering period, with little change between varieties. However, the length of the flowering period is affected by the temperature. At a daily average temperature of 7?8?C, most species need to go through about 50 days, about 10 days at 40C, and only 30 days at 1213. The effective accumulated temperature required for the majority of apple varieties to grow from flowering is 18510C, and in some years the difference is 101C. According to relevant reports, the effective accumulated temperature required for Guoguang apple from the beginning of its growth to flowering in Xingcheng, Liaoning, was about 155.2°C in 1954 and 253.113 in 1955, a difference of 79.9°C. The above results show that the use of an effective accumulated temperature above 5 °C for stable flowering forecasting before flowering is less accurate; the accumulated temperature required for different cultivars or the same cultivar in different regions and years is different; different topography and microclimate etc. It also has an impact.
4) Flowering temperature
To achieve flowering, apple must first reach a certain amount of accumulated temperature. Apple flowering is sensitive to temperature. Temperature is an important limiting ecological factor for successful flowering, pollination, fertilization and fruit set. The optimum temperature for apple flowering is 11.4 to 11.8°C, and the optimum temperature is 17 to 18°C. From the temperature required for pollinating bee activities, the bees generally stopped to go out activities below 10°C; between 15°C and 29°C, they gradually became active with increasing temperature, which was conducive to pollination and pollination.
The flowering temperature is an important condition for apple pollen germination and pollen tube elongation to complete the fertilization process. It has been observed that different varieties require different temperatures, and the suitable temperature for pollen germination is generally between 10 and 25°C, and the optimum temperature is between 15 and 20°C. Above 30°C, pollen germination is significantly inhibited.
5) Spring temperature
Low temperature in spring: China's apple production areas mostly belong to the continental monsoon climate. In spring, the temperature is not stable, and there are often low temperatures. Late frost hazards are more common. Apple is in the bud, flowering, and fruit-bearing period in the spring, and is resistant to low temperature and is sensitive to temperature.
Spring temperatures: Spring temperatures are closely related to apple fruit shape and appearance quality. According to the study, when the temperature of apple is low and the climate is cool from 15 to 16 days after flowering, the vertical axis of the fruit grows faster than the horizontal axis, showing a long shape with a large fruit shape index. On the contrary, the fruit shape index is small. This is related to the positive post-anthesis division of fruit cells and endogenous hormones during this period.
6) Summer and autumn temperatures
Summer and autumn coincide with apple shoot length, flower bud differentiation, and fruit development and maturation. Therefore, summer and autumn temperatures have great influence on flower bud differentiation, yield formation, and quality. The survey concluded that summer or autumn (June-September) temperatures are either too high or too low, which is detrimental to the apple's fertility process. The monthly average temperature variation is between 16.5 and 22.85°C. For example, in the national review, the Marshals Department and Golden Delicious fruit quality topped China's apple high quality ecological districts such as Maoxian, Xiaojin, and Tianshui in Gansu, and the monthly average temperature in summer changed by 16.2 to 22.7°C. The highest temperature, the average monthly temperature of 23.5 °C in the summer, Spokane, Washington, USA 16.8 ~ 22.3C. If the summer temperature is too high, the ecological response is: the fruit shape index becomes smaller, the coloring is poor, the flesh is easy to grow, the consistency is poor, the vitamin content is reduced, and the aroma, flavor and storage of the fruit are poor.
Summer temperature and flower bud differentiation: According to the study, the suitable temperature for the initiation and exuberance of apple flower bud differentiation is 20-27°C. The morphological differentiation of Zhu, Marshal, and Guoguang's flower buds began after a certain number of days when the average temperature stabilized above 20°C.
7) Winter cooling
It is generally believed that the induction of apple into true dormancy is mainly a function of low temperature and is not sensitive to short-day sunlight and dry conditions. For the true dormancy of the end buds, many studies suggest that the cold and cool weather in winter is also necessary. Cold hours: The number of hours below 7.2°C. The starting point for cold temperature is 7.2 °C. Many scholars in various countries now use 7.2°C as the standard for accumulating hours. The apple needs CH value, which varies greatly depending on the variety. With the modern cultivation area extending to low latitudes, the total number of CH needed for apples tends to decrease gradually. From the early needs of 1400?3684?C to the recent need of 500-1700?C.
(2) Moisture conditions
Water is the medium for apple and the environment to adapt to each other and is the most abundant substance in apple trees. Water is an important ecological role in the growth, development, physiological and biochemical processes, and the formation of yield and quality of apples through three forms of changes in its morphology, quantity, and duration. At the same time, it also causes light and heat. Changes in soil and biological factors such as ecology have an indirect effect.
The effect of water on the growth and development of apples is mainly manifested in the following aspects.
1) Precipitation and apple germination, shoot growth and flowering
After the apple is dormant, it requires a certain amount of water to germinate. Insufficient moisture often delays germination or irregular shoots, affecting shoot growth. During the growing season, the water content of the new shoots is insufficient, the ecological response is short and weak branches, the leaves are long and early, the leaves are small, and the leaves are easy to fall. The whole vegetative growth of the tree is weak; the water is too much, the branches and leaves of the trees grow too prosperous, the organization is not full, and the storage nutrient level is low. If there is excess water, it will cause damage, such as rotted roots, weak tree vigor, early fallen leaves, and dead crowns, resulting in dead trees.
In the apple flowering and fruit setting period, too little water will shorten the flowering period, affect the pollination and fertilization, and the fruit setting rate will be significantly reduced. If there is too much precipitation during the flowering period, heavy rain and long-term rain will reduce the stigma secretions or affect the adhesion and germination of pollen due to erosion, thus affecting pollination and fertilization, resulting in falling flowers and falling fruit.
In arid regions of northern China, water is often insufficient for flowering and shoot growth and should be adequately irrigated. In southern China's apple producing areas, the rainfall is usually high, or there are many rainy days. Therefore, we must pay attention to the selection of gardens, varieties and rootstocks, management of soil and fertilizer water, flower and fruit management, plastic trimming, and pest and disease control.
2) Precipitation and apple flower bud differentiation and yield
Precipitation has important effects on apple flower bud differentiation, growth and development, current year production, and leap year results. According to studies, younger young fruit trees have less precipitation during flower bud differentiation, which is beneficial to the formation of flower buds and increased yield in the following year. On the other hand, adult fruit trees have the opposite effect. Water deficiency in the flower bud differentiation period will reduce production in the following year. Generally speaking, the monthly precipitation distribution in the growing season is more balanced, which is beneficial to the growth and development of apples, and is also beneficial to the leap year results.
3) Apple fruit development and water requirements
As the young fruit grows, the water content keeps increasing, and the water content shows a decreasing trend. People feel more mature fruits than unripe fruit juices when they eat them, because carbohydrates in the flesh are converted from insoluble to soluble substances. Fruit growth requires a lot of water supply, especially during the rapid expansion of the fruit. If there is little precipitation and no timely irrigation, it will affect fruit enlargement and even fruit drop.
(3) Lighting conditions
The apple's native inland area with strong sunlight is Xiguang Guoshu. The annual sunshine hours in major apple growing regions at home and abroad are around 2000 hours, and the average monthly sunshine hours during the three key periods of fruit growth, coloring, and maturity are also between 150 and 200 hours.
The effects of light on the growth and development of fruit trees are mainly manifested in the following aspects.
1) Photosynthesis
In the early years, the annual net photosynthetic rate of apples was measured. The results showed that during the growing season, the light intensity was the most important factor affecting photosynthesis. The net photosynthetic product of weak light weather was only 25% of the sunny days.
The light saturation point and the light compensation point are the two most important physiological and ecological indicators of light. Apple's light compensation point varies with variety, leaf age, leaf position, leaf area index, carbon dioxide, available soil moisture, and temperature.
2) Yield and quality Photosynthetic products are the basis for fruit set, fruit growth and quality formation. In a certain range, the stronger the light, the higher the fruit setting rate, and the larger the fruit size, the better the coloring and the quality.
Quality and Light Intensity: Experiments conducted by Asahi and Marshal Apple show that in British Columbia, Canada, at 49' 44' north latitude, there are 3 distinct light areas affecting apple quality: FS is more than 60% in the crown area, and the fruit coloring is best. , for high-quality illumination; 40% to 60% FS for a moderate illumination area, can produce normal color of the fruit; 40% FS below the lack of light, poor coloration of the fruit.
Light affects the synthesis of anthocyanins by affecting photosynthesis. The results of artificial shading treatment showed that with the increase of shading degree, the coloration of the fruit deteriorated, the large fruit was reduced, the proportion of the fruit heart was increased, and the quality was reduced.
3) Effect of light quality
Photosynthesis, photosynthetic products and visible light: In the ecological role of visible light on apples, the most important is the energy for photosynthesis. Most of the spectrum (generally between 380 and 710 nm) is absorbed. Only the green light is rarely absorbed and the blue, violet, and red light absorb the strongest.
Under natural conditions, apples are exposed to different visible spectrum components and the components that form photosynthetic products are also different. Red light contributes to the formation of carbohydrates, and blue light favors protein synthesis. Therefore, cultivation sites with different topography and light conditions can be selected for production, or different color films can be used to improve fruit quality.
Vegetative Growth and Visible Light: Blue, violet, and blue light in visible light have an important dominating effect on cell differentiation, which can inhibit elongation and control vegetative growth and make the tree short. Therefore, the cultivation of apples in high blue and violet mountain areas often shows dwarfing of trees, increased number of lateral branches, increased rate of short branches, thick shoots, and strong flowering results.
Direct light and diffuse light effects: The solar radiation received by the apple tree has two different light intensities and light qualities, such as direct light and diffuse light. In fruit cultivation, diffuse light is mainly from the sky, as well as reflections from the ground and other objects. Diffuse light has lower light intensity than direct light, less short-wave light in spectral components, long-wave red and yellow light (up to 50% to 60%), and high photosynthesis absorption and utilization. Therefore, diffuse light can also reach the light saturation point. Changes in total solar radiation and diffuse radiation under different weather conditions have shown that diffuse radiation is approximately 10% of the total solar radiation during sunny days, showing a more stable regular pattern. On cloudy days, the absolute and relative amounts of diffuse radiation increase, but the total solar radiation decreases. Among them, when the clouds are in the sky, the two kinds of radiation are almost equal; in the few clouds and the cirrus clouds, diffuse radiation is nearly twice as bright as sunny days, which has certain significance for improving the photosynthesis of apples. The coverage of young orchards is low, which can make full use of the diffuse light reflected from the ground and promote the good growth of the lower branches of the crown. The adult orchards should pay attention to the effects of removing large numbers of tall weeds under the trees, and can also use silver-gray, aluminum-platinum. Reflective films improve the coloration and quality of the fruit beneath the canopy. Aluminum platinum film light reflectivity up to 100%.
The apple fruit coloring, the ecological response to direct light and scattered light varies depending on the species. One is a variety type that must have direct light in order to be fully colored. Marshals such as Marshal, Red Star, and Red Crown are common types; the other is under conditions where the direct light is weaker and the diffuse light is more common than the normal type. , It can also be a lovable variety type, such as the Marshal is a short-stemmed red type.
(4) Wind and hail
The apple orchards are suitable for use in areas where the average annual wind speed is below 3.5 m/s. In the flowering period, the wind speed often exceeds 6 m/s, which will lead to a decrease in the fruit setting rate; it may also cause adverse effects such as crown fall, fruit loss, or even broken branches.
In some areas where apples are suitable in China, there is a regular distribution of hail belts. Before setting up a park, we must understand clearly and do not build gardens in the hailstone belt.
Terrain conditions
(1) Plateau and Flatland
Flat land with a slope of no more than 5, relatively flat terrain such as plains, plateaus, tidal flats, low-lying land, etc. Generally speaking, the soil is relatively fertile, the water source is sufficient, and the climate change is not large. After the establishment of the garden, the apple trees grow well, the tree body is large, and the roots are deep. , And the management is convenient, easy to mechanized operation, good transport conditions, soil and water is not easy to lose. However, there are disadvantages to building a flat land. For example, ventilation, light, and drainage are not as good as in the mountains. The quality and storage capacity of fruits are worse than those in mountains. The soil in the seabed is high in salt content, high in groundwater level, poor in structure, low in fertility, and short in fruit life. The soil must be improved before Make fruit trees grow well.
(2) Hills and Slopes
Apple is more suitable for cultivation in mountainous areas and on slopes. Even in the south, high-altitude regions can produce high quality apples. In the area about 1,000 meters above sea level in the northwest, the growth of apple trees is moderate, the flowering is easy, and the high yield and quality are the best cultivation areas for red apples in China. The foothills and low mountain belts, slopes of 5 to 15 and heights of 200 to 500 meters in the mountains provide convenient transportation and are a good base for the development of apple trees. However, it is not possible to build gardens at the foothills of the mountains in order to avoid frostbite during the flowering period. In the mountainous belts with a median slope of 15 to 25 and a height of 500 to 1,000 meters, the cultivation is difficult, the effect is poor, the cost of soil improvement increases, and the difference in sunshine between the south and the north slope gradually With the increase, the northern slope is colder than the southern slope, and the direct light of the east slope and the west slope is gradually reduced. In the mountainous areas with high slopes, slopes of 25 or more, and altitudes of 1,000 meters or more, the garden must be selected to meet the special requirements for the growth and development of fruit trees. Build the park. Otherwise, the soil in this zone contains many stones, the soil layer is thin, and transportation is difficult. Generally, it is suitable for planting forests and grasses. Therefore, the orchards should be built on gentle slopes, where the soil is thick, and soil and water conservation projects must be built. Cold air can easily accumulate in the valleys and undersides of the depressions. The frost damage is severe and it is not appropriate to plant apple trees. On the sunny slope, the spring temperature rises rapidly, the fruit ripens early, and the quality is good. However, the moisture is not as good as the shady slope, and it is vulnerable to frost and sunburn. The temperature of shady slopes is relatively low and winter is vulnerable to cold. It should be considered when setting up a park.
Although the hills are also of the mountain type, the topography and amplitude of the hills are smaller than those of the mountains. The vertical distribution of the climate and the difference in the lighting of the yin and yang slopes are not as pronounced as in the mountains. Planting fruit trees in hilly gardens is better than plains. Generally, the hilly land is well drained, the air is circulated, the light is sufficient, the temperature difference between day and night is large, the fruit tree can have a long life, the result is early, the yield is high, the quality is good, the color is bright, and the storage is resistant. Therefore, the hills The land is a good apple orchard.
Due to different slope location and ditch (trough) orientation, it will cause great differences in the solar irradiation conditions and radiation budget, resulting in different heat and water conditions, resulting in different microclimate characteristics and changes in ecological factors, resulting in a variety of ecological effects on apples. effect.
According to the study of Chinese mountain fruit trees, the comprehensive effect law generally shows: the south (yang) slope, the leeward slope or the deep mountain, the canyon valley (trough) and the north (yin) slope, the windward slope or the south-north valley direction. In contrast, solar radiation is strong, sunshine is good, temperature and soil temperature are high, temperature is relatively poor, precipitation is low, humidity is low, evaporation is strong, dryness, vegetation is sparse, dry (semi), warm, and mostly xeric landscape; Apples have a good ecological response. The general laws are that the trees are robust, their nutrition and growth are vigorous, their flower bud differentiation and flowering results are good, their fruit surface is bright and clean, their color is bright, their sugar, acid, vitamin C and other contents are high, their sweetness and flavor are high, and their quality is good. Less, freezing damage is lighter, but sunburn often increases. Such fine apple orchards in Xiaojin, Maoxian, Jinchuan, Danba, Batang, and Xiangcheng counties are all rivers and floods that have good openness, with sunny slopes or sunny areas or valleys. , slope skirts, terraces and mountains and other terrain. On the contrary, North (yin) slope, windward slope or north-south valley (trough) direction, apple habitat and ecological reactions are poor.
(3) Altitude
According to the survey, from a large-scale on-site ecological response point of view, China's apple planting varieties Marshal Department, Golden Delicious high-quality areas, in the main producing areas of the Northwest Plateau, more than 1,000 meters above sea level in the area; southwest high in the altitude of 1500 ~ 2900 Meters, especially in the range of 2000 to 2600 meters, especially in the Sichuan-Chengdu Hengduan Mountain area, the fruits are bright and of good quality. This is because these zones have relatively low latitudes, high altitudes, and the unique combination of dry warm river valleys in the mountain gorges (deep) valleys or landforms in the river-breaking basins, creating unique habitats with good sunshine and high UV. For example, high-quality areas such as Sichuan Xiaojin, Maoxian, Yanyuan and Yunnan's Lijiang, etc., altitude is much higher at 2000 to 2600 meters, and the percentage of sunshine is more than 50%. The Marshal's fruit is full of red and bright fruit. The Golden Delicious golden light, the sun surface color red, more than 1/3 to 1/2 of the fruit surface. The fruit quality of the Golden Crown, Red Star and Red Crown ranks first in national assessment. In low latitudes with the same latitudes, such as elevations of 400-600 meters, the percentage of sunshine in Sichuan basins below 30% is difficult to color. The Marshal's fruit coloring degree is not easy to reach 30%, and the coloring index is almost zero. Gold crowns are yellow, green, yellow, and rarely red.
Social and economic conditions
The establishment of an apple orchard and the management of early saplings require a large investment, and there should be adequate preparation before setting up the site. The address and scale of the park should be based on the local geographical location, traffic conditions and economic strength. Specifically, whether or not the reserves of economic forces and technical forces can guarantee the establishment and development of apple orchards. The period from the establishment of apple orchards to the planting of apple trees to the fruiting of apple trees is a period of pure input and no income. If the economic power is insufficient, it will not be able to successfully pass through this period. The establishment and smooth development of apple orchards and the reserve of technical forces are also extremely important.
Soil conditions
Type depth water temperature moisture air nutrients pH salt content
(1) Soil types
The adaptability of apple to soil is strong and it is cultivated and distributed in many kinds of soils. However, from the requirements of Apple's own needs and high quality and high yields, it is appropriate to have deep soil, good configuration, appropriate “three-phase†ratio, rich nutrients, and slightly acidic to slightly alkaline. The distribution of apple cultivation in the world and in China is dominated by brown earth, cinnamon soil, brown-calcium, chestnut-calcium, grey-calcium soil and fluvo-aquic soil.
According to surveys and studies, the soil types of apple production areas in China differ greatly from each other. The main apple production areas in the north and southeastern China are dominated by brown earth, yellow earth, yellow brown earth, brown earth, yellow fluvo-aquic soil, and tidal yellow earth; northwest loess plateau In the production areas, cinnamon soil, loess soil, black clay soil, light gray calcareous soil and irrigation and siltation soils are mainly used; in Xinjiang's main production areas, ash-calcite, brown-calcium, brown desert soil and oasis soil are mainly used; The main producing areas are mainly yellow soil, fluvo-aquic soil, tidal-aluminum soil and new soil; Sichuan basin area is dominated by purple soil, purple brown mud, yellow soil and fluvo-aquic soil; the main producing areas of Sichuan and Yunnan provinces are Hengduan Mountains. There are mainly cinnamon soil, brown soil, brown soil, red soil and new soil; the southwestern plateau is dominated by yellow soil, red soil, brown soil, fluvo-aquic soil and new soil; in the subtropical and tropical areas of the south, there is yellow soil, red soil, Red soil and brick red soil; Tibet plateau production areas, brown soil, yellow brown soil, cinnamon soil, mountain shrub prairie soil, fluvo-aquic soil and meadow soil. In general, the soil types of China's apple high-quality areas are mainly cinnamon soil, yellow clay soil, loess soil, lime soil and brown soil. Among them, the quality of apples in the cinnamon soil area is outstanding.
(2) Soil depth
Soil depth directly affects the spatial distribution of roots, root composition and ecological stability of apple roots, affecting soil moisture, nutrient storage and utilization, and thus affecting growth, results, yield and quality. According to the survey, Guoguang Apple has a growth of 226%, 220%, and 555% in the depth of 3.3 meters and 0.72 meters in depth, and its output has increased by 5 times; Apple increased by 147%, 113%, and 211%, respectively, and production increased by 1.5 times. Gold crowns with a gravel layer below 70 cm have an average yield of 190.6 kg for eight years, and are produced on sand and gravel soils below 40 cm. The average yield is only 9.4 kg. After deep-turning and soil reforming of this soil, combined with fertilization, the amount of lower roots increased.
In the tight soil, the growth is obstructed and thickened, and the apex does not appear normally. Apical pressure can be 15 to 20 Pa. The response to resistance may be within the root crown. Root response to resistance In addition to stress response, increased ethylene can also participate in the regulation, external use of ethylene can make the root thicker and shorter.
(3) Groundwater level
A 10-year investigation of the relationship between groundwater level and production shows that the groundwater depth is in the range of 50 to 120 cm, and the yield increases significantly with the decrease of groundwater level. Therefore, in areas with high groundwater levels, drainage measures must be taken to reduce the groundwater level.
(4) Soil temperature
It is generally believed that the optimum temperature for the growth of apple roots is 7-20°C. The apple roots began to grow at 5.4°C, and grew fastest at 20°C, and they were injured by high temperature at 43.0°C. According to reports, the optimum temperature for the occurrence of new roots in different rootstocks is different. M1, M2, M3, and M9 are 13C, Mt6 is 2512, and M7 is 30°C. The optimum temperature for the occurrence of new roots was 12.812 for Mi, M2, and M4, and 25°C for M7, M16, and alive anvils.
(5) Soil moisture
Soil moisture is not only the most important source of water for apples, but also a necessary condition for many physical, chemical and biological processes in the soil. The soil moisture and air complement each other, and changes in water and moisture directly affect the soil heat, soil biology and microbiological conditions, affecting changes in air temperature and relative humidity in the orchard.
Soil moisture is mainly affected by precipitation, irrigation, soil evaporation, plant transpiration, ground cover and soil porosity, and the content is very unstable. The water content of the soil when the soil moisture stops moving under gravity is generally called field capacity. This is also the most easily used water in plants. When the soil moisture content is reduced to a state of long-lasting wilting of the plant, it is called the wilting coefficient (withering coefficient). The average apple orchard is suitable for maintaining 60% to 80% of the field capacity.
The critical value of apple water requirement: that is, in the absence of water; it has the greatest impact on its metabolism and yield formation. It is generally believed that the critical period of apple water requirement is when the shoots grow rapidly, the leaf curtain forms in large numbers, and young fruit develops. Some people think that after flowering, it is the critical period of water demand.
(6) Soil air
Soil Oxygen Concentration: Oxygen in the soil is a necessary condition for root and soil microbial activity. When the oxygen in the soil is exhausted by the roots and microbes, and the accumulation of sulphur dioxide in the soil reaches a certain concentration, the root system will be damaged until it dies. According to measurements, when the temperature is between 20°C and 30°C, the oxygen consumption at 0-30cm soil layer can be as high as 0.5-0.7 liters/(m2h). Assuming that the average air volume in the soil is 33.3%, oxygen accounts for 20%, and if it is not ventilated, the oxygen in the soil will be depleted within 12 to 40 hours.
When the root of apple needs soil oxygen concentration above 10%, it can grow normally.
The growth was poor at 3% to 5%, and the roots died at 0.1% to 3.0%. When the oxygen concentration was 10% and the carbon dioxide concentration was 5%, the root growth was inhibited and the growth of the shoot was poor. Through pot experiments, it was found that the effect of soil hypoxia on the root system was greater than that on the ground. When the soil oxygen concentration is about 5%, the above-ground growth is prosperous, and the root growth is equivalent to 80% to 90% of the high-concentration oxygen; below 5%, almost no new roots are found.
Through tests, it is known that apple grows normally when the oxygen concentration is more than 12%, and the growth deteriorates significantly when it is between 1,5% and 2%; when it is less than 1.5%, almost all fine roots die. The response of roots to different oxygen concentrations was that 12% had normal growth, more fine roots, and no obvious trunk lenticels; 2.5% to 11% had thin roots, only some new roots, straight roots, and plant lenticels occurred. Abnormal development; 1.5% to 2.5%, accelerated the root corky, porcine development was significant; 1.5% below the fine roots died, dark root color dim, weak life.
In summary, it is shown that the normal soil oxygen concentration in apple roots needs to be above 10%, and it is best to approach the atmospheric oxygen concentration (20.96%). More than 15% of new roots can occur in large numbers, and growth below 5% is inhibited or stopped.
Soil carbon dioxide concentration: The carbon dioxide in the soil is mainly decomposed by organic matter, roots, and soil microbial respiration. The general concentration is 0.1% to 4.0%. In calcareous silt loam orchards, 15 cm deep soil layers are 1% to 4%, 73 cm deep soil layers are 3% to 7%, and 244 cm deep soil layers are 4% to 6%. In sandy or sandy sandy loam apple orchards, when the soil depth was 30 cm, the carbon dioxide concentration was below 5%, and the depth of 152 cm depth reached 7% to 8%.
(7) Soil nutrients
The main nutrient elements that apple extracts from the soil environment include nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur and other trace elements and trace elements such as iron, manganese, boron, zinc, copper and molybdenum. The apple tree is large in size and has a deep root system. It requires both the soil surface layer and the deep soil layer to have rich nutrients and good configuration. When analyzing and evaluating soil nutrients, in addition to paying attention to large amounts and trace elements, soil organic matter content is of great significance. It not only can decompose and provide a variety of nutrients, but also plays an important role in improving soil physical properties and promoting root development. Organic matter and apple yield are linearly related, and high yield apple orchard organic content is more than 1%.
(8) Soil pH
It is generally believed that apples are slightly acidic to neutral and pH 5.5 to 6.7 are suitable. In alkaline soils, the availability of potassium is better, and the effectiveness of iron, manganese, phosphorus, and boron is reduced. In acid soils, manganese, iron, and aluminum are effective, phosphorus and boron are ineffective, and zinc and copper are effective. Reduced sex.
(9) Salt content in soil
The salt tolerance of apples is weaker than that of the main fruit trees such as grapes, dates, apricots and pears. The normal growth of total salt is 0.13% to 0.16%, and the damage limit is above 0.28%. When soil contains 0.117% sodium sulfate, 0.02% sodium chloride, and 0.008% sodium carbonate, poor growth occurs.
Barrier conditions
(1) Avoid the scope of potential pollution hazards when choosing the garden
Such as air contains excessive sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen fluoride, silicon tetrafluoride, chlorine, hydrogen chloride, lead smoke, dust and other harmful gases; or soil, water system contains acid compounds, cyanide, arsenic, mercury, cadmium, etc. Harmful substances, select the site should avoid the scope of its harm.
(2) The phenomenon of bogey
In the case of fruit trees such as grapes, walnuts, pears, peaches, apples, etc., they were successively planted as apple trees. The growth and results of the later apple trees would be inhibited to varying degrees.
It has been reported that in the soil where the phenomenon of avoiding land replantation or replantation occurred, bacteria and actinomycetes decreased, and the proportion of fungi increased. When there are many fungi and bacteria, dwarfing apple tree is seriously damaged by purple feathers.
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